Vegetables, etc.—Who Defines Food? by Raymond Peat
蔬菜等——谁定义了食物?
Since bacteria in the rumens of cows destroy unsaturated fatty acids, but don't harm vitamin E, it seems reasonable to suppose that beef and milk would have a better ratio of vitamin E to unsaturated fats than do the plants eaten by the cows.
Toxic pesticides are found in higher concentrations in the urine and fat of slaughtered animals than in their livers, since the livers are detoxifying the chemicals and causing them to be excreted. Presumably, the animals' livers will perform the same detoxification reactions with the phytotoxicants that occur naturally in their diet.
由于奶牛瘤胃中的细菌破坏不饱和脂肪酸，但不损害维生素E，因此可以合理地假设，牛肉和牛奶中维生素E和不饱和脂肪的比例比奶牛吃的植物要高。
在被宰杀的动物的尿液和脂肪中发现的有毒农药浓度高于肝脏中发现的农药浓度，因为肝脏会将这些化学物质解毒并将其排出体外。据推测，这些动物的肝脏会与它们饮食中自然产生的植物毒素发生同样的解毒反应。
Not long ago, breast feeding was socially unacceptable in the United States, and several manufacturers were teaching the world’s poorest women to use their baby-food formulas even when there was no clean water for its preparation. Industrialists have campaigned to convince the public that their by-products, from cotton-seed oil to shrimp shells, are “health foods.” In several parts of the world, desperately poor people sometimes eat clay, and even clay has been promoted as a health food. Almost anything becomes “food,” when people are under economic and social pressure. If these things aren’t acutely toxic, they can become part of our “normal” diet.
不久之前，母乳喂养在美国还不被社会接受，一些生产商还在教育世界上最贫穷的妇女使用他们的婴儿食品配方，即使没有干净的水来制备。实业家们发起运动，试图说服公众，他们的副产品，从棉籽油到虾壳，都是“健康食品”。在世界上的一些地方，赤贫的人们有时会吃粘土，甚至粘土也被宣传为一种健康食品。当人们处于经济和社会压力之下时，几乎任何东西都变成了“食物”。如果这些东西没有剧毒，它们就会成为我们“正常”饮食的一部分。
Our instincts give us a few clues about our nutritional needs, such as thirst, the hunger for salt, the pleasantness of sweet things, and the unpleasantness of certain odors or very acrid or bitter tastes. People who are constitutionally unable to taste certain bitter chemicals find certain vegetables less objectionable; their instinctive guidance has become less clear. But within the boundaries of cravings and disgust, habits and customs become the dominant forces in diet. “Professional dietitians” and other “experts” primarily function as enforcers of cultural prejudice.
我们的本能会给我们一些关于营养需求的线索，比如口渴，对盐的渴望，甜味的愉悦，以及某些难闻的气味或非常辛辣或苦涩的味道。那些天生就尝不出某些苦味化学物质的人会觉得某些蔬菜不那么令人讨厌;他们本能的指导已经变得不那么清晰了。但在渴望和厌恶的界限内，习惯和习俗成为饮食中的主导力量。“专业营养师”和其他“专家”主要是文化偏见的执行者。
The manufacturers of pureed vegetables for babies used to put large amounts of salt, sugar, and monosodium glutamate into their products, because the added chemicals served as instinctual signals that made the material somewhat acceptable to the babies. There was no scientific basis for providing these vegetables to babies in a form that they would accept, but it was a profitable practice that was compatible with the social pressure against prolonged breast feeding.
婴儿蔬菜泥的制造商过去常常在他们的产品中加入大量的盐、糖和味精，因为添加的化学物质充当了一种本能信号，使婴儿可以接受这些物质。以婴儿能接受的方式提供这些蔬菜并没有科学依据，但这是一种有益的做法，与反对长时间母乳喂养的社会压力相一致。
Poor people, especially in the spring when other foods were scarce, have sometimes subsisted on foliage such as collard and poke greens, usually made more palatable by cooking them with flavorings, such as a little bacon grease and lots of salt. Eventually, “famine foods” can be accepted as dietary staples. The fact that cows, sheep, goats and deer can thrive on a diet of foliage shows that leaves contain essential nutrients. Their minerals, vitamins, and amino acids are suitable for sustaining most animal life, if a sufficient quantity is eaten. But when people try to live primarily on foliage, as in famines, they soon suffer from a great variety of diseases. Various leaves contain antimetabolic substances that prevent the assimilation of the nutrients, and only very specifically adapted digestive systems (or technologies) can overcome those toxic effects.
穷人，尤其是在其他食物匮乏的春天，有时靠绿叶生存，比如羽衣甘蓝和嫩叶，通常用一些调味品，比如一点培根油和大量的盐来烹饪它们，使它们更美味。最终，“饥荒食品”可以被接受为主食。牛、绵羊、山羊和鹿都能以树叶为食，这说明树叶含有必需的营养成分。如果食用足够数量，它们的矿物质、维生素和氨基酸适合维持大多数动物的生命。但当人们试图主要靠树叶生活时，比如在饥荒中，他们很快就会遭受各种各样的疾病。不同的叶子含有抗代谢物质，阻止营养物质的吸收，只有非常特别适应的消化系统(或技术)才能克服这些有毒的影响。
Some plants have specific “pests,” such as insects, that have adapted to be resistant to that plant’s toxins, but if the plant and its predator are to survive, there has to be a balance between the plant tissue’s digestibility and its toxicity. Injury of a plant stimulates it to make increased amounts of its defensive chemicals. Plant toxins are known to be specific for animal tissues; for example, a toxin will inhibit the action of an enzyme from an animal, but a plant enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction won’t be affected.
一些植物有特定的“害虫”，比如昆虫，它们已经适应了对植物毒素的抵抗，但如果植物和它的捕食者要生存，就必须在植物组织的消化能力和毒性之间取得平衡。植物受到伤害会刺激它分泌更多的防御性化学物质。已知植物毒素对动物组织有特异性;例如，一种毒素会抑制来自动物的一种酶的作用，但催化相同反应的一种植物酶不会受到影响。
Plant defensive chemicals can have beneficial uses as drugs. Plants are important sources for chemicals used in chemotherapy of cancer, with the purpose of stopping cell division. Other plant drugs can stimulate cell division. The drug from one plant will sometimes protect cells against the toxic effects of another plant. The use of any drug that isn’t a natural part of animal physiology will have many biological effects, so that a beneficial drug action will usually be accompanied by unwanted side-effects. An antioxidant may turn out to disrupt the endocrine system, an antiinflammatory drug may be mutagenic or carcinogenic.
植物防御化学物质可以用作药物。植物是用于癌症化疗的化学物质的重要来源，其目的是阻止细胞分裂。其他植物药物可以刺激细胞分裂。来自一种植物的药物有时会保护细胞免受另一种植物的毒性作用。使用任何不是动物生理自然组成部分的药物都会产生许多生物效应，因此，一个有益的药物作用通常会伴有不想要的副作用。抗氧化剂可能会破坏内分泌系统，抗炎药物可能会致突变或致癌。
A particular plant will have a variety of defensive chemicals, with specific functions. Underground, the plant’s roots and tubers are susceptible to attack by fungi and nematodes. The leaves, stems, and seeds are susceptible to attack by insects, birds, and grazing animals. Since the plant’s seeds are of unique importance to the plant, and contain a high concentration of nutrients, they must have special protection. Sometimes this consists of a hard shell, and sometimes of chemicals that inhibit the animal’s digestive enzymes. Many plants have evolved fruits that provide concentrated food for animals, and that serve to distribute the seeds widely, as when a bird eats a berry, and excretes the undigested seed at a great distance. If the fruit were poisonous, it wouldn’t serve the plant’s purpose so well. In general, the plant’s most intense toxins are in its seeds, and the fruits, when mature, generally contain practically no toxins. Roots contain chemicals that inhibit microorganisms, but because they aren’t easily accessible by grazing animals and insects, they don’t contain the digestive inhibitors that are more concentrated in the above-ground organs of the plant.
一种特定的植物会有各种具有特定功能的防御性化学物质。在地下，植物的根和块茎容易受到真菌和线虫的侵袭。树叶、茎和种子容易受到昆虫、鸟类和食草动物的攻击。由于植物的种子对植物具有独特的重要性，并且含有高浓度的营养物质，因此必须对其进行特殊保护。有时由硬壳组成，有时由抑制动物消化酶的化学物质组成。许多植物进化出果实，为动物提供浓缩的食物，并能将种子广泛传播，就像一只鸟吃了一颗浆果，将未消化的种子排泄到很远的地方。如果果实有毒，它就不能很好地发挥植物的作用。一般来说，这种植物最强烈的毒素在它的种子中，而成熟的果实通常不含任何毒素。根含有抑制微生物的化学物质，但由于食草动物和昆虫不容易接触到它们，它们不含有消化抑制剂，而消化抑制剂更多地集中在植物的地上器官中。
The toxins of plants include phenols, tannins, lectins/agglutinins, and trypsin-inhibitors, besides innumerable more specific metabolic inhibitors, including “anti-vitamins.” Unsaturated fats themselves are important defenses, since they inhibit trypsin and other proteolytic enzymes, preventing the assimilation of the proteins that are present in seeds and leaves, and disrupting all biological processes that depend on protein breakdown, such as the formation of thyroid hormone and the removal of blood clots.
植物的毒素包括酚类、单宁类、凝集素/凝集素和胰蛋白酶抑制剂，此外还有无数更具体的代谢抑制剂，包括“抗维生素”。不饱和脂肪本身是重要的防御，因为它们抑制胰蛋白酶和其他蛋白水解酶，阻止存在于种子和叶子中的蛋白质的同化，并扰乱所有依赖于蛋白质分解的生物过程，如甲状腺激素的形成和血凝块的清除。
Generally, fruits, roots, and tubers provide a high concentration of nutrients along with low concentrations of toxic antimetabolic substances.
一般来说，水果、根和块茎提供高浓度的营养物质和低浓度的有毒抗代谢物质。
While nutritional reference tables often show fruits and potatoes as having about 2% protein content, while nuts, grains, and legumes are shown with a high protein content, often in the range of 15% to 40%, they neglect to point out that fruits and potatoes have a very high water content, while that of the seeds is extremely low. The protein content of milk is about 3%, which according to the charts would suggest that it is inferior to beans and grains. In fact, the protein value of grain is negligible, mainly because seeds contain their protein in a storage form, that is extremely rich in nitrogen, but poor in essential amino acids. Special preparation is needed to reduce the toxicity of seeds, and in the case of beans, these methods are never very satisfactory.
尽管营养参考表经常显示水果和土豆蛋白质含量约2%,虽然坚果,谷物、豆类蛋白质含量高的显示,通常在15% - 40%的范围,他们忽视指出,水果和土豆有很高的含水量,而种子的是极低的。牛奶的蛋白质含量约为3%，根据图表，这表明它不如豆类和谷物。事实上，谷物的蛋白质价值是可以忽略不计的，这主要是因为种子的蛋白质是以一种储存形式存在的，这种储存形式富含氮，但缺乏必需氨基酸。需要特殊的制剂来减少种子的毒性，对于豆类来说，这些方法从来都不是很令人满意。
Besides their specific defensive toxins and antimetabolites, plants are major sources of allergens. The allergenicity of a food depends on the sensitivity of the individual, as well as on the growth conditions of the plant. The use of extremely toxic pesticides has affected both the crops and the sensitivity of the human population to allergens. Sensitivities induced originally by toxic pesticides used on certain crops can probably persist after the industrial chemical has been eliminated, because the immune system is susceptible to “conditioning.”
除了特定的防御毒素和抗代谢物外，植物是过敏原的主要来源。食物的过敏原性取决于个体的敏感性，也取决于植物的生长条件。剧毒农药的使用既影响了作物，也影响了人类对过敏原的敏感性。由于免疫系统对“条件反射”很敏感，对某些作物使用的有毒农药最初引起的敏感性可能在工业化学品被消除后仍然存在。
Many types of phytochemicals are mutagenic, and some of those are carcinogenic. Bruce Ames, at the University of California, devised a method of screening for mutagens, using bacteria. One of his graduate students using the technique found that the flame retardants in children's pajamas and bedding were powerful mutagens, and were probably causing cancer. That event made Ames a celebrity, and in the 1980s he went on a lecture tour supported by the American Cancer Society. His lectures reflected the doctrine of the A.C.S., that industrial chemicals aren't responsible for cancer, but that individual actions, such as smoking or dietary choices, are the main causes of cancer. He used a fraudulently “age adjusted” graph of cancer mortality, that falsely showed that mortality from all types of cancer except lung cancer had leveled off after the A.C.S. came into existence. He described tests in which he had compared DDT to extracts of food herbs, and found DDT to be less mutagenic than several of the most commonly used flavoring herbs. His message, which was eagerly received by his audience of chemistry and biology professors, was that we should not worry about environmental pollution, because it's not as harmful as the things that we do to ourselves. He said that if everyone would eat more unsaturated vegetable oil, and didn't smoke, they wouldn't have anything to worry about.
许多类型的植物化学物质是诱变的，其中一些是致癌的。加利福尼亚大学的布鲁斯·埃姆斯设计了一种利用细菌筛选突变原的方法。他的一个研究生使用这项技术发现，儿童睡衣和床上用品中的阻燃剂是强大的诱变剂，可能会导致癌症。这一事件使艾姆斯成为了名人。20世纪80年代，在美国癌症协会的支持下，他进行了巡回演讲。他的演讲反映了美国癌症学会的信条，即工业化学物质不会导致癌症，但个人行为，如吸烟或饮食选择，是癌症的主要原因。他欺骗性地使用了一份癌症死亡率的“年龄调整”图表，错误地显示出除肺癌外所有类型癌症的死亡率在acs出现后已经趋于平稳。他描述了一些测试，在这些测试中，他将滴滴涕与食用香草提取物进行了比较，发现滴滴涕的诱变性比几种最常用的调味香草要低。他所传达的信息，被他的听众化学和生物学教授们热切地接受，那就是我们不应该担心环境污染，因为它并不像我们对自己做的事情那样有害。他说，如果大家多吃不饱和植物油，不抽烟，就没什么好担心的。
For me, the significance of his experiment was that plants contain natural pesticides that should be taken more seriously, without taking industrial toxins less seriously.
对我来说，他的实验的意义在于，植物中含有的天然农药应该被更认真地对待，而不是对工业毒素不那么认真地对待。
Technologies have been invented to convert vegetation into digestible protein, but at our present scientific and technological level, it’s better to simply minimize our use of the more toxic foods, and to direct more effort toward the elimination of the conditions that produce famine.
已经发明了将植物转化为可消化蛋白质的技术，但在我们目前的科学和技术水平上，最好是简单地减少对有毒食物的使用，并将更多的努力用于消除导致饥荒的条件。
Animal proteins, and fruits, because they contain the lowest levels of toxins, should form the basis of the diet. Not all fruits, of course, are perfectly safe–avocados, for example, contain so much unsaturated fat that they can be carcinogenic and hepatotoxic.
动物蛋白和水果，因为它们含有最低水平的毒素，应该形成饮食的基础。当然，并不是所有的水果都是完全安全的——例如，牛油果含有太多的不饱和脂肪，可能致癌和肝毒性。
Protein deficiency itself contributes to the harm done by toxins, since the liver’s ability to detoxify them depends on adequate nutrition, especially good protein. In the 1940s, Biskind’s experiments showed that protein deficiency leads to the accumulation of estrogen, because the liver normally inactivates all the estrogen in the blood as it passes through the liver. This applies to phytoestrogens and industrial estrogens as well as to the natural estrogens of the body. At a certain point, the increased estrogen and decreased thyroid and progesterone cause infertility, but before that point is reached, the hyperestrogenism causes a great variety of birth defects. Deformities of the male genitals, and later, testicular cancer in the sons and breast cancer in the daughters, are produced by the combination of toxins and nutritional deficiencies.
蛋白质缺乏本身就会造成毒素的伤害，因为肝脏排毒的能力依赖于足够的营养，尤其是好的蛋白质。20世纪40年代，比斯金德的实验表明，蛋白质缺乏会导致雌激素的积累，因为肝脏在正常情况下会使血液中流经肝脏的所有雌激素失去活性。这适用于植物雌激素和工业雌激素以及身体的天然雌激素。在某一时刻，雌激素的增加和甲状腺和孕激素的减少会导致不孕，但在这一时刻之前，雌激素过高会导致各种各样的出生缺陷。男性生殖器畸形，以及后来的儿子的睾丸癌和女儿的乳腺癌，都是由毒素和营养不足共同造成的。
REFERENCES
引用
Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1989 Jun;56(2):145-6. Thiaminase activities and thiamine content of Pteridium aquilinum, Equisetum ramosissimum, Malva parviflora, Pennisetum clandestinum and Medicago sativa. Meyer P Animal and Dairy Science Research Institute, Private Bag, Irene. Thiaminase type 1 and 2 activities and thiamine content of five plants were determined. Of these Pteridium aquilinum and Equisetum ramosissimum were found to have considerably more thiaminase activity and lower thiamine content than Malva parviflora, Pennisetum clandestinum and Medicago sativa.
中国兽医学报1989年6月;56(2):145-6。蕨菜、木贼、小叶锦葵、狼尾草和紫花苜蓿硫胺素酶活性及硫胺素含量的研究。梅耶P动物和奶制品科学研究所，私人袋，艾琳。测定了5种植物硫胺素1型和2型活性及硫胺素含量。其中，蕨类植物Pteridium aquilinum和木贼木贼(Equisetum ramosissimum)的硫胺素酶活性明显高于小锦葵(Malva parviflora)、狼尾草(Pennisetum hordestinum)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)。
Nature 1994 Apr 21;368(6473):683-4. Mystery of the poisoned expedition. Earl JW, McCleary BV Department of Biochemistry, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Burke and Wills expedition through the interior of Australia in the nineteenth century ended in calamity. But the cause of death was more pernicious than anyone at the time had imagined: beriberi due to thiaminase poisoning.
自然1994年4月21日;368(6473):683-4。中毒探险之谜。Earl JW, McCleary BV, Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.19世纪，伯克和威尔穿越澳大利亚内陆的探险以灾难告终。但死亡原因比当时任何人想象的都更有害:由硫胺酶中毒引起的脚气病。
Comment in: Nature 1994 Aug 11; 370(6489):408. Aust Vet J 1992 Jul;69(7):165-7. Mechanisms underlying Phalaris aquatica “sudden death” syndrome in sheep. Bourke CA, Carrigan MJ New South Wales Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Veterinary Centre, Orange. Twenty outbreaks of Phalaris aquatica “sudden death” syndrome in sheep were investigated between 1981 and 1991. Four were confirmed and one was suspected, to be a cardiac disorder; 5 were confirmed and 3 were suspected, to be a polioencephalomalacic disorder; the aetiology of the remaining 7 outbreaks could not be determined. Potentially toxic levels of hydrocyanic acid (20 to 36 mg/100 g) were measured in the 3 toxic phalaris pastures tested. The measurement of potentially toxic levels of nitrate nitrogen (2920 micrograms/g) in toxic phalaris pastures by others, was noted. It is suggested that phalaris “sudden death” syndrome could have as many as 4 different underlying mechanisms, and that these might reflect the presence in the plant of a cardio-respiratory toxin, a thiaminase and amine co-substate, cyanogenic compounds, and nitrate compounds.
发表于:《自然》1994年8月11日;370(6489): 408。澳洲兽医杂志1992年7月;69(7):165-7。羊虉草“猝死”综合征的机制。新南威尔士农业，农业研究和兽医中心，奥兰治。本文对1981 ~ 1991年发生的20例羊水Phalaris“猝死”综合征进行了调查。4人被确诊，1人被怀疑患有心脏疾病;确诊5例，疑似3例，为脑脊髓灰质炎疾病;其余7起疫情的病因尚不确定。测定了3个虉草有毒牧草中氢氰酸的潜在毒性水平(20 ~ 36 mg/100 g)。其他方法测定了虉草有毒牧草中硝酸盐氮的潜在毒性水平(2920微克/克)。这表明指骨“猝死”综合征可能有多达4种不同的潜在机制，这些机制可能反映了植物中存在的一种心呼吸毒素、一种硫胺酶和胺共底物、氰源化合物和硝酸盐化合物。
Indian J Med Res 1991 Oct;94:378-83. Genotoxic effects of some foods & food components in Swiss mice. Balachandran B, Sivaswamy SN, Sivaramakrishnan VM Isotope Division, Cancer Institute, Madras. A number of commonly consumed foods and food components in south India were screened for their genotoxic effects on Swiss mice. Salted, sundried and oil fried vegetables and fishes induced chromosomal aberrations, sperm head abnormalities and micronuclei production, which were comparable to the effect of the positive control viz., 20-methylcholanthrene. Spices like Cissus quadrangularis (an indigenous herb used in certain south Indian dishes) and pyrolysed cumin and aniseeds showed moderate effects. Calamus oil, widely used in pharmaceuticals was highly effective. All the three parameters of genotoxicity gave similar results.
印度J Med Res 1991 Oct;94:378-83。瑞士老鼠体内某些食物成分的基因毒性效应。Balachandran B, Sivaswamy SN, Sivaramakrishnan VM同位素部门，癌症研究所，马德拉斯。研究人员对印度南部的一些常见食物和食物成分在瑞士老鼠身上进行了基因毒性测试。盐腌、晒干和油煎的蔬菜和鱼类诱发染色体畸变、精子头异常和微核的产生，与阳性对照20-甲基胆蒽的效果相当。像茜草(Cissus quadrangularis，一种用于某些南印度菜肴的本土草药)和热发酵的孜然和茴香等香料显示出适度的效果。菖蒲油，广泛应用于医药，效果显著。遗传毒性的三个参数均得到了相似的结果。
In Vivo 1998 Nov-Dec;12(6):675-89. Comparative anticancer effects of vaccination and dietary factors on experimentally-induced cancers. Zusman I Laboratory of Teratology and Experimental Oncology, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. The role of two major factors were analyzed in the prevention of experimentally-induced cancers: a) vaccination of animals with polyclonal IgG generated against the soluble p53 antigen and b) feeding of animals with diets rich with dietary fibers or fat. a) In vaccination, a few attempts have been made to utilize p53 protein as a tumor suppressor. IgG generated against the cytoplasmic, soluble p53 antigen from tumor-bearing rats prevents the carcinogenic effect of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) decreasing significantly the number of tumor-bearing rats in vaccinated group compared with non vaccinated controls and preventing benign tumors from becoming malignant. The antitumor effect of vaccination is accompanied by a significant increase in the serum-level of p53 antigen in vaccinated rats compared with non vaccinated controls. The immune response of a host to vaccination activates the lymph components of the spleen, and this activation is manifested by the multiplication of the number of lymphocytes which are generated against specific antigens. This multiplication is achieved by the higher division of the antigen-specific lymphoblasts with their subsequent transformation into plasma cells. These cells synthesize the specific protein (IgG). One such protein is the tumor-associated p53 protein, which is synthesized by rats against rabbit anti-p53 IgG. b) The role of dietary factors in the prevention of chemically induced cancer was reviewed on two models: the role of high fiber diets in prevention of colon cancer, and the role of high fat diets in the prevention of mammary gland cancer. Experiments in colon cancer showed that 20% cellulose decreased significantly tumor incidence caused by DMH. The tumor-preventive effect of a cellulose diet was accompanied by increased enzyme concentrations, such as ornithine decarboxylase, thymidine kinase and beta-glucuronidase. This effect was accompanied by activation of some cellular mechanisms, i.e. apoptosis, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and p53 protein synthesis. Experiments in mammary glands cancer showed that a 15% olive-oil diet reduced significantly the tumor incidence caused by 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene. The antitumor effect of the olive-oil diet was connected to its content of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic and palmitic acids. The promotive tumorigenic effects of other high-fat diets (avocado, soybeans) were associated with high content of some polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and alpha-linolenic). Different diets have different targets. The effect of the same diet depends on its anti-tumor substances content. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination and some diets have similar mechanism in their tumor-preventive effects.
In Vivo 1998 11 - 12;12(6):675-89。比较疫苗接种和饮食因素对实验性癌症的抗癌作用。以色列耶路撒冷希伯来大学农业、食品和环境质量科学系Koret兽医学院畸形学和实验肿瘤学Zusman I实验室分析了两个主要因素在预防实验性癌症方面的作用:a)用抗可溶性p53抗原的多克隆IgG疫苗接种动物;b)用富含膳食纤维或脂肪的饲料喂养动物。a)在疫苗接种中，有一些尝试利用p53蛋白作为肿瘤抑制因子。针对荷瘤大鼠胞浆可溶性p53抗原产生的IgG可防止1,2-二甲基肼(DMH)的致癌作用，与未接种的对照组相比，免疫组荷瘤大鼠的数量显著减少，并可防止良性肿瘤变成恶性肿瘤。与未接种疫苗的对照组相比，接种疫苗的大鼠的抗肿瘤作用伴随着血清p53抗原水平的显著升高。宿主对疫苗的免疫反应激活脾脏的淋巴成分，这种激活表现为针对特定抗原产生的淋巴细胞数量的增加。这种增殖是通过抗原特异性淋巴母细胞的高级分裂和随后转化为浆细胞来实现的。这些细胞合成特定的蛋白质(IgG)。其中一种蛋白质是肿瘤相关的p53蛋白，它是由大鼠合成的，用以对抗兔抗p53 IgG。b)饮食因素在预防化学诱导性癌症中的作用从两个模型进行了综述:高纤维饮食在预防结肠癌中的作用和高脂肪饮食在预防乳腺癌中的作用。结肠癌实验表明，20%纤维素显著降低DMH引起的肿瘤发生率。纤维素饮食的肿瘤预防效果伴随着酶浓度的增加，如鸟氨酸脱羧酶，胸苷激酶和-葡萄糖醛酸酶。这种效应伴随着一些细胞机制的激活，如凋亡、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和p53蛋白合成。乳腺癌的实验表明，15%的橄榄油饮食显著降低了由9,10-二甲基-1,2-苯并蒽引起的肿瘤发病率。橄榄油饮食的抗肿瘤作用与其单不饱和脂肪酸的含量有关，如油酸和棕榈酸。其他高脂肪饮食(鳄梨、大豆)的促肿瘤作用与某些多不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸和α -亚麻酸)的高含量有关。不同的饮食有不同的目标。同样的饮食效果取决于其抗肿瘤物质的含量。结论:疫苗接种与部分饮食预防肿瘤的作用机制相似。
Ann Nutr Metab 1991;35(5):253-60. Effect of dietary avocado oils on hepatic collagen metabolism. Wermam MJ, Mokady S, Neeman I Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa. The effect of various avocado and soybean oils on collagen metabolism in the liver was studied in growing female rats for 8 weeks and in day-old chicks for 1 week. In comparison with rats fed either refined avocado oil, refined or unrefined soybean oils, rats fed unrefined avocado oil showed a significant decrease in total collagen solubility in the liver, while there were no changes in total collagen, protein and moisture content. Chicks fed unrefined avocado oil as compared to those fed refined avocado oil also showed a decrease in hepatic total soluble collagen while hepatic total collagen remained unaffected. Electron micrographs and light-microscope examinations of rats' liver revealed collagen accumulation in the periportal location. This is suggestive of the early stages of fibrosis.
[j]。饲粮鳄梨油对肝胶原代谢的影响。Wermam MJ, Mokady S, Neeman I食品工程和生物技术系，Technion -以色列理工学院，海法。本研究以8周龄雌性大鼠和1周龄雏鸡为试验对象，研究了鳄梨和大豆油对肝脏胶原代谢的影响。与食用精制牛油果油、食用精制大豆油和食用未精制大豆油的大鼠相比，食用未精制牛油果油的大鼠肝脏中总胶原的溶解度显著降低，而总胶原、蛋白质和水分含量没有变化。未加工牛油果油组的肝总可溶性胶原含量明显低于未加工牛油果油组。大鼠肝脏的电子显微镜和光镜检查显示胶原聚集在门脉周围位置。这提示纤维化的早期阶段。
Life Sci 1997;60(19):1635-41. L-canaline: a potent antimetabolite and anti-cancer agent from leguminous plants.Rosenthal GA Laboratory of Biochemical Ecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. [email protected] L-Canaline, the L-2-amino-4-(aminooxy)butyric acid structural analog of L-ornithine' is a powerful antimetabolite stored in many leguminous plants. This nonprotein amino acid reacts vigorously with the pyridoxal phosphate moiety of vitamin B6-containing enzymes to form a covalently-bound oxime that inactivates, often irreversibly, the enzyme. Canaline is not only capable of inhibiting ornithine-dependent enzymic activity, but it also can function as a lysine antagonist. Recently, this natural product was found to possess significant antineoplastic in vitro activity against human pancreatic cancer cells.
生命科学1997;60(19):1635 - 41。l -管碱:一种来自豆科植物的有效的抗代谢和抗癌剂。肯塔基大学生物化学生态学罗森塔尔GA实验室，列克星敦[email protected] L-Canaline是l -鸟氨酸的l -2-氨基-4-(氨基氧基)丁酸结构类似物，是一种储存在许多豆科植物中的强大的抗代谢物质。这种非蛋白氨基酸与含有维生素b6的酶的吡哆醛磷酸基激烈反应，形成共价结合的肟，通常不可逆地使酶失活。卡纳林不仅能抑制鸟氨酸依赖性的酶活性，而且还能作为赖氨酸的拮抗剂。近年来，人们发现该天然产物对人胰腺癌细胞具有显著的体外抗肿瘤活性。
Food Chem Toxicol 1999 May;37(5):481-91. Occurrence of emodin, chrysophanol and physcion in vegetables, herbs and liquors. Genotoxicity and anti-genotoxicity of the anthraquinones and of the whole plants. Mueller SO, Schmitt M, Dekant W, Stopper H, Schlatter J, Schreier P, Lutz WK Department of Toxicology, University of Wurzburg, Germany.1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinones, present in laxatives, fungi imperfecti, Chinese herbs and possibly vegetables, are in debate as human carcinogens. We screened a variety of vegetables (cabbage lettuce, beans, peas), some herbs and herbal-flavoured liquors for their content of the 'free' anthraquinones emodin, chrysophanol and physcion. For qualitative and quantitative analysis, reversed-phase HPLC (RP-LC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and RP-LC-MS were used. The vegetables showed a large batch-to-batch variability, from 0.04 to 3.6, 5.9 and 36 mg total anthraquinone per kg fresh weight in peas, cabbage lettuce, and beans, respectively. Physcion predominated in all vegetables. In the herbs grape vine leaves, couch grass root and plantain herb, anthraquinones were above the limit of detection. Contents ranged below 1 mg/kg (dry weight). All three anthraquinones were also found in seven of 11 herbal-flavoured liquors, in a range of 0.05 mg/kg to 7.6 mg/kg. The genotoxicity of the analysed anthraquinones was investigated in the comet assay, the micronucleus test and the mutation assay in mouse lymphoma L5178Y tk+/- cells. Emodin was genotoxic, whereas chrysophanol and physcion showed no effects. Complete vegetable extract on its own did not show any effect in the micronucleus test. A lettuce extract completely abolished the induction of micronuclei by the genotoxic anthraquinone danthron. Taking into consideration the measured concentrations of anthraquinones, estimated daily intakes, the genotoxic potency, as well as protective effects of the food matrix, the analysed constituents do not represent a high priority genotoxic risk in a balanced human diet.
食品化学毒理学1999 5月;37(5):481-91。大黄素、大黄酚及大黄素在蔬菜、药材和酒类中的存在。蒽醌类和全植物的遗传毒性和抗遗传毒性。德国维尔茨堡大学毒理学系。1,8-二羟基蒽醌，存在于泻药，真菌不全，中草药和可能的蔬菜中，作为人类致癌物存在争议。我们筛选了各种蔬菜(卷心菜、生菜、豆类、豌豆)、一些草药和草药味的酒，以检测其“游离”蒽醌、大黄素、大黄酚和物理成分的含量。采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-LC)、气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和RP-LC- ms进行定性和定量分析。蔬菜批次间差异较大，豌豆、卷心菜、生菜和豆类的总蒽醌含量分别为0.04 ~ 3.6、5.9和36 mg / kg。物理学在所有蔬菜中占主导地位。在葡萄叶、茅根和车前草中蒽醌类成分均在检出限以上。含量在1 mg/kg(干重)以下。在11种香草味酒中，有7种酒中也检出了所有三种蒽醌，含量在0.05毫克/公斤至7.6毫克/公斤之间。通过彗星试验、微核试验和小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y tk+/-细胞突变试验对所分析的蒽醌进行遗传毒性研究。大黄素具有遗传毒性，大黄酚和大黄素无明显作用。完整的蔬菜提取物本身在微核试验中没有显示出任何效果。一种生菜提取物完全消除了基因毒性蒽醌类蒽酮对微核的诱导作用。考虑到蒽醌的测量浓度、估计的每日摄入量、基因毒性效力以及食物基质的保护作用，分析的成分在均衡的人类饮食中不代表高度优先的基因毒性风险。
Int J Food Sci Nutr 1998 Sep;49(5):343-52. Lipid content and fatty acid composition in foods commonly consumed by nursing Congolese women: incidences on their essential fatty acid intakes and breast milk fatty acids. Rocquelin G, Tapsoba S, Mbemba F, Gallon G, Picq C Tropical Nutrition Unit, ORSTOM, Montpellier, France. The fat content and fatty acid (FA) composition of nearly 40 foods, currently consumed by 102 nursing Congolese mothers living in Brazzaville, were determined to assess their impact on mothers' essential fatty acid (EFA) intakes and breast milk FA. Data on mothers' milk FA and dietary habits which allowed food selection were recently published (Rocquelin et al., 1998). Most foods were locally produced. Food samples were collected at local markets, bleached if necessary to avoid microbial degradation, and stored at +4 degrees C or -20 degrees C. They were lyophilized upon their arrival in the laboratory before lipid analyses. FA composition of food lipids was determined by capillary gas chromatography. Staple diets included low-fat, high-carbohydrate foods (processed cassava roots, wheat bread) and high-polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) foods: soybean oil (high in 18 : 2 n-6 and alpha-18 : 3 n-3), bushbutter (dacryodes edulis), peanuts, avocado (high in fat and 18 : 2 n-6), freshwater and salt-water fish (high in LC n-3 and/or n-6 PUFA), and leafy green vegetables (low in fat but very high in alpha-18 : 3 n-3). Their frequent consumption bynursing mothers provided enough EFA to meet requirements due to lactation. It also explains why mothers' breast milk was rich in C8-C14 saturated FA (26% of total FA) and in n-6, n-3 PUFA (respectively 15.0% and 2.4% of total FA) highly profitable for breastfed infants' development. From this point of view, dietary habits of Congolese mothers have to be sustained for they are more adequate than most Western-type diets.
国际食品科学营养杂志1998年9月;49(5):343-52。刚果哺乳妇女通常食用的食物中的脂质含量和脂肪酸组成:其必需脂肪酸摄入和母乳脂肪酸的发病率。Rocquelin G, Tapsoba S, Mbemba F，加仑G, Picq C热带营养单位，ORSTOM，蒙彼利埃，法国。我们确定了生活在布拉柴维尔的102名刚果哺乳母亲目前食用的近40种食物的脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成，以评估它们对母亲必需脂肪酸(EFA)摄入量和母乳中脂肪酸的影响。最近公布了母乳中的脂肪酸和饮食习惯对食物选择的影响(Rocquelin et al.， 1998)。大多数食物都是当地生产的。食品样品在当地市场采集，必要时进行漂白以避免微生物降解，并在+4℃或-20℃下保存。在进行脂质分析之前，食品样品在实验室进行冻干。采用毛细管气相色谱法测定食品脂类中的脂肪酸组成。主要饮食包括低脂、高碳水化合物食品(加工木薯根、小麦面包)和高多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)食品:大豆油(高含18.2 n-6和α - 18.3 n-3)、丛林黄油(dacryodes edulis)、花生、鳄梨(高含脂肪和18:2 n-6)，淡水和咸水鱼类(LC n-3和/或n-6 PUFA含量高)，多叶绿色蔬菜(脂肪含量低但α -18: 3 n-3含量很高)。哺乳母亲的频繁食用提供了足够的必需脂肪酸，以满足哺乳的需要。这也解释了为什么母乳中富含C8-C14饱和脂肪酸(占总脂肪酸的26%)和n-6、n-3不饱和脂肪酸(分别占总脂肪酸的15.0%和2.4%)对母乳喂养婴儿的发育非常有利。从这个角度来看，刚果母亲的饮食习惯必须维持下去，因为他们比大多数西方饮食更充足。
Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1990;7(2-3):69-85. Dietary carcinogens, environmental pollution, and cancer: some misconceptions. Ames BN, Gold LS Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720. Various misconceptions about dietary carcinogens, pesticide residues, and cancer causation are discussed. The pesticides in our diet are 99.99% natural, since plants make an enormous variety of toxins against fungi, insects, and animal predators. Although only 50 of these natural pesticides have been tested in animal cancer tests, about half of them are carcinogens. About half of all chemicals tested in animal cancer tests are positive. The proportion of natural pesticides positive in animal tests of clastogenicity is also the same as for synthetic chemicals. It is argued that testing chemicals in animals at the maximum tolerated dose primarily measures chronic cell proliferation, a threshold process. Cell proliferation is mutagenic in several ways, including inducing mitotic recombination, and therefore chronic induction of cell proliferation is a risk factor for cancer.
2(2-3):69-85。饮食致癌物、环境污染与癌症:一些误解。加州大学伯克利分校，生物化学和分子生物学学部，Ames BN, Gold LS, 94720。讨论了关于膳食致癌物、农药残留和癌症原因的各种误解。我们饮食中的农药99.99%是天然的，因为植物会产生大量的毒素来对抗真菌、昆虫和动物捕食者。虽然只有50种天然农药在动物癌症试验中被测试过，但其中约一半是致癌物。在动物癌症测试中，大约一半的化学物质呈阳性。在动物致裂性试验中，天然农药阳性的比例与合成化学品相同。有人认为，在动物身上测试化学物质的最大耐受剂量主要是测量慢性细胞增殖，这是一个阈值过程。细胞增殖在许多方面具有诱变性，包括诱导有丝分裂重组，因此慢性诱导细胞增殖是癌症的危险因素。
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980 Aug;77(8):4961-5. Fecalase: a model for activation of dietary glycosides to mutagens by intestinal flora. Tamura G, Gold C, Ferro-Luzzi A, Ames BN Many substances in the plant kingdom and in man's diet occur as glycosides. Recent studies have indicated that many glycosides that are not mutagenic in tests such as the Salmonella test become mutagenic upon hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages. The Salmonella test utilizes a liver homogenate to approximate mammalian metabolism but does not provide a source of the enzymes present in intestinal bacterial flora that hydrolyze the wide variety of glycosides present in nature. We describe a stable cell-free extract of human feces, fecalase, which is shown to contain various glycosidases that allow the in vitro activation of many natural glycosides to mutagens in the Salmonella/liver homogenate test. Many beverages, such as red wine (but apparently not white wine) and tea, contain glycosides of the mutagne quercetin. Red wine, red grape juice, and tea were mutagenic in the test when fecalase was added, and red wine contained considerable direct mutagenic activity in the absence of fecalase. The implications of quercetin mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are discussed.
中国科学院院刊1980年8月;77(8):4961-5。Fecalase:肠道菌群激活膳食糖苷致突变因子的模型。植物界和人类饮食中的许多物质以糖苷的形式存在。最近的研究表明，许多在试验中不具有诱变性的糖苷，如沙门氏菌试验，在糖苷键水解后具有诱变性。沙门氏菌试验利用肝脏匀浆来近似哺乳动物的新陈代谢，但不提供肠道菌群中酶的来源，这些酶能水解自然界中各种各样的糖苷。我们描述了一种稳定的人类粪便的无细胞提取物，fecalase，它包含各种糖苷酶，在沙门氏菌/肝脏匀浆试验中，允许许多天然糖苷在体外激活致突变因子。许多饮料，如红酒(但显然不是白酒)和茶，都含有诱变剂槲皮素的苷。在试验中添加fecalase时，红酒、红葡萄汁和茶具有诱变作用，在不添加fecalase的情况下，红酒具有相当的直接诱变活性。讨论了槲皮素的致突变性和致癌性。
Br J Rheumatol 1994 Aug;33(8):790-1. Even garlic. Sweetman BJ
风湿病杂志1994 8月;33(8):790-1。即使是大蒜。斯威特曼BJ
Nutr Cancer 1988;11(4):251-7. Cytotoxicity of extracts of spices to cultured cells. Unnikrishnan MC, Kuttan R Amala Cancer Research Centre, Kerala, India. The cytotoxicity of the extracts from eight different spices used in the Indian diet was determined using Dalton's lymphoma ascites tumor cells and human lymphocytes in vitro and Chinese Hamster Ovary cells and Vero cells in tissue culture. Alcoholic extracts of the spices were found to be more cytotoxic to these cells than their aqueous extracts. Alcoholic extracts of several spices inhibited cell growth at concentrations of 0.2-1 mg/ml in vitro and 0.12-0.3 mg/ml in tissue culture. Ginger, pippali (native to India; also called dried catkins), pepper, and garlic showed the highest activity followed by asafetida, mustard, and horse-gram (native to India). These extracts also inhibited the thymidine uptake into DNA.
减轻癌症1988;11(4):251 - 7。香料提取物对培养细胞的细胞毒性。Unnikrishnan MC, Kuttan R Amala癌症研究中心，印度喀拉拉邦。采用Dalton氏淋巴瘤腹水肿瘤细胞和人淋巴细胞体外和中国仓鼠卵巢细胞和Vero细胞的组织培养，测定了印度饮食中8种不同香料提取物的细胞毒性。香料醇提物对这些细胞的毒性比水提物更强。几种香料的酒精提取物在体外浓度为0.2-1 mg/ml和组织培养浓度为0.12-0.3 mg/ml时均能抑制细胞生长。生姜，皮帕利(原产于印度;辣椒和大蒜的活性最高，其次是阿萨菲、芥末和马鞭草(原产于印度)。这些提取物还能抑制胸苷激酶对DNA的吸收。
J Toxicol Sci 1984 Feb;9(1):77-86. [Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity tests of garlic]. [Article in Japanese] Yoshida S, Hirao Y, Nakagawa S Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of fresh juice and alcohol extract from garlic were studied by Ames' test, Rec assay, Micronucleus test and the check of the influence to HEp 2 and chinese hamster embryo (CHE) primary cultured cells. No evidence of mutagenicity of these samples were observed in Ames' test and Rec assay, while there was dose dependent increase of micronucleated cells and polychromatocytes on the bone marrow cells of mice and chinese hamsters treated with garlic juice. There were severe damages, e.g. growth inhibition and morphological changes of both cultured cells due to garlic juice, but no or slightly cytotoxic signs were observed even in high concentration of garlic extract. A higher sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of garlic was seen by the present findings with CHE primary cells than HEp 2 cell line.
毒理学杂志1984年2月;9(1):77-86。[大蒜的致突变性和细胞毒性试验]。采用Ames试验、Rec试验、微核试验及对hep2和中国仓鼠胚胎(CHE)原代培养细胞的影响，研究了大蒜鲜汁和乙醇提取物的致突变性和细胞毒性。在Ames试验和Rec试验中未观察到这些样品的致突变性，而在小鼠和中国仓鼠的骨髓细胞中，大蒜汁处理后的微核细胞和多色细胞呈剂量依赖性增加。大蒜汁对两种培养细胞均有严重的损害，如生长抑制和形态学改变，但即使在高浓度的大蒜提取物中也未观察到或轻微的细胞毒性迹象。结果表明，与hep2细胞系相比，CHE原代细胞对大蒜的细胞毒性作用具有更高的敏感性。
Chung Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih 1985 Mar;7(2):103-5 [Comparison of the cytotoxic effect of fresh garlic, diallyl trisulfide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), mitomycin C (MMC) and Cis-DDP on two lines of gastric cancer cells]. [Article in Chinese] Pan XY Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1998; 18(6):293-302 In vitro and in vivo study of the clastogenicity of the flavone cirsitakaoside extracted from Scoparia dulcis L. (Scrophulariaceae). Pereira-Martins SR, Takahashi CS, Tavares DC, Torres LM Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhao, Sao Luis, MA. Brazil. [email protected] The mutagenic effect of the flavone cirsitakaoside extracted from the medicinal herb Scoparia dulcis was evaluated in vitro by using human peripheral blood cultures treated with doses of 5, 10, and 15 microg of the flavone/ml culture medium for 48 h. The compound proved to be mutagenic at the highest concentration tested (15 microg/ml). Furthermore, the proliferative index was significantly reduced in all cultures treated with the flavone, although the mitotic index was not reduced. However, the clastogenic activity of the flavone cirsitakaoside was not observed when Swiss mice were treated orally with doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/animal for 24 h.
[新鲜大蒜、二烯丙基三硫化、5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)、丝裂霉素C (MMC)和顺式- ddp对两种胃癌细胞的细胞毒性作用的比较]。[文章]Pan XY Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1998;18(6):293-302黄酮类物质卷曲藻苷的体外和体内致裂性研究。Pereira-Martins SR, Takahashi CS, Tavares DC, Torres LM, Maranhao联邦大学生物学系，圣路易斯，马萨诸塞州。巴西。[email protected]的诱变效应黄酮cirsitakaoside从草药中提取Scoparia dulcis是评估在体外利用人类外周血文化治疗剂量的5,10,在最高浓度(15微克/毫升)下，证明该化合物具有诱变作用。此外，尽管有丝分裂指数没有降低，但所有经黄酮类化合物处理的培养物的增殖指数均显著降低。结果表明，10、20、30 mg/只小鼠灌胃24 h后，其破乳剂活性无明显变化。
Proc Nutr Soc 1977 Sep;36(2):51A.Attempts to overcome anti-nutritive factors in field beans (Vicia faba L) and field peas (Pisum sativum) fed in diets to laying hens. Davidson J
植物营养学报1977年9月;36(2):51A。试图克服饲粮中对蛋鸡生长的大豆(Vicia faba L)和豌豆(Pisum sativum)中的抗营养因子。戴维森J
Am J Clin Nutr 1995 Sep;62(3):506-11. The influence of genetic taste markers on food acceptance. Drewnowski A, Rock CL Human Nutrition Program, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA. Genetically mediated sensitivity to the bitter taste of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (Prop) has long been associated with enhanced sensitivity to other sweet and bitter compounds. New studies suggest that tasters and supertasters of Prop may also differ from notasters in their taste preferences and in their patterns of food rejection and food acceptance. One question is whether the acceptability of bitter-tasting vegetables is influenced by Prop taster status. Cruciferous vegetables are among the major dietary sources of potentially chemoprotective agents in cancer control, and their consumption is reported to alter cancer risk. Strategies aimed at dietary change in individuals or groups should consider the role of genetic taste markers and their potential influences on food preferences and dietary habits.
美国临床营养杂志1995年9月;62(3):506-11。基因味觉标记对食物接受度的影响。美国密歇根大学公共卫生学院，美国安娜堡48109-2029。长期以来，人们一直认为基因介导的对苯硫脲(PTC)和6-n-丙基硫氧嘧啶(Prop)苦味的敏感性与对其他甜和苦化合物的敏感性增强有关。新的研究表明，Prop的品酒师和超品酒师在味觉偏好以及对食物的排斥和接受模式上也可能与普通品酒师不同。一个问题是，人们对苦味蔬菜的接受程度是否受Prop品尝者身份的影响。十字花科蔬菜是癌症控制中潜在化学保护剂的主要饮食来源之一，据报道，食用它们可以改变患癌症的风险。旨在改变个人或群体饮食习惯的策略应考虑基因口味标记的作用及其对食物偏好和饮食习惯的潜在影响。
J Environ Sci Health B 1999 Jul;34(4):681-708. Accumulation of potentially toxic elements in plants and their transfer to human food chain. Dudka S, Miller WP University of Georgia, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Athens 30602-2727, USA. Contaminated soils can be a source for crop plants of such elements like As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The excessive transfer of As, Cu, Ni, and Zn to the food chain is controlled by a “soil-plant barrier”; however, for some elements, including Cd, the soil-plant barrier fails. The level of Cd ingested by average person in USA is about 12 micrograms/day, which is relatively low comparing to Risk Reference Dose (70 micrograms Cd/day) established by USEPA. Food of plant origin is a main source of Cd intake by modern society. Fish and shellfish may be a dominant dietary sources of Hg for some human populations. About half of human Pb intake is through food, of which more than half originates from plants. Dietary intake of Cd and Pb may be increased by application of sludges on cropland with already high levels of these metals. Soils amended with sludges in the USA will be permitted (by USEPA-503 regulations) to accumulate Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Se, and Zn to levels from 10 to 100 times the present baseline concentrations.These levels are very permissive by international standards. Because of the limited supply of toxicity data obtained from metals applied in sewage sludge, predictions as to the new regulations will protect crop plants from metal toxicities, and food chain from contamination, are difficult to make.
中国环境科学(英文版)1999年7月;34(4):681-708。植物中潜在有毒元素的积累及其向人类食物链的转移。杜卡S，米勒WP大学作物与土壤科学系，雅典30602-2727，美国。受污染的土壤可能是作物植物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn等元素的来源。As、Cu、Ni和Zn向食物链的过度转移受到“土壤-植物屏障”的控制;然而，对于某些元素，包括Cd，土壤-植物屏障失效。美国人均Cd摄入量约为12微克/天，与美国环保局制定的风险参考剂量(70微克/天)相比，这个水平相对较低。植物性食物是现代社会镉摄入的主要来源。鱼类和贝类可能是某些人群汞的主要饮食来源。人类大约一半的铅摄入量来自食物，其中一半以上来自植物。在农田施用污泥可能会增加土壤中镉和铅的摄取量，而农田中镉和铅的含量已经很高。美国将允许(根据USEPA-503法规)用污泥修正的土壤积累Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni、Se和Zn，达到目前基线浓度的10至100倍。按照国际标准，这些水平是非常宽松的。由于从污水污泥中使用的金属获得的毒性数据有限，因此很难预测新规定将保护作物免受金属毒性，以及食物链免受污染。
BJU Int 2000 Jan;85(1):107-13. A maternal vegetarian diet in pregnancy is associated with hypospadias. The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood. North K, Golding J Unit of Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, Division of Child Health, University of Bristol, UK. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible role of the maternal diet, particularly vegetarianism and consumption of phytoestrogens, in the origin of hypospadias, which is reported to be increasing in prevalence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Detailed information was obtained prospectively from mothers, including previous obstetric history, lifestyle and dietary practices, using structured self-completed questionnaires during pregnancy. Previously recognized associations with environmental and parental factors were examined, focusing particularly on the hypothesized hormonal link. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent associations. RESULTS: Of 7928 boys born to mothers taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood, 51 hypospadias cases were identified. There were no significant differences in the proportion of hypospadias cases among mothers who smoked, consumed alcohol or for any aspect of their previous reproductive history (including the number of previous pregnancies, number of miscarriages, use of the contraceptive pill, time to conception and age at menarche). Significant differences were detected for some aspects of the maternal diet, i.e. vegetarianism and iron supplementation in the first half of pregnancy. Mothers who were vegetarian in pregnancy had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 4.99 (95% confidence interval, CI, 2.10-11.88) of giving birth to a boy with hypospadias, compared with omnivores who did not supplement their diet with iron. Omnivores who supplemented their diet with iron had an adjusted OR of 2.07 (95% CI, 1.00-4.32). The only other statistically significant association for hypospadias was with influenza in the first 3 months of pregnancy (adjusted OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.50-6.78). CONCLUSION: As vegetarians have a greater exposure to phytoestrogens than do omnivores, these results support the possibility that phytoestrogens have a deleterious effect on the developing male reproductive system.
BJU Int 2000 Jan;85(1):107-13。母亲在怀孕期间吃素与尿道下裂有关。ALSPAC研究小组。雅芳孕期与儿童期的纵向研究。英国布里斯托尔大学儿童健康部儿科和围产期流行病学J组。目的:调查孕妇饮食，特别是素食主义和植物雌激素的消费，在尿道下裂的起源中可能的作用，据报道，这是日益流行的。研究对象和方法:前瞻性地通过结构化的自填问卷，从母亲那里获得详细信息，包括以前的产科史、生活方式和饮食习惯。先前被认为与环境和父母因素有关的因素被检查了，特别关注假设的激素联系。使用多变量logistic回归确定独立关联。结果:在参加雅芳妊娠和儿童纵向研究的7928名母亲所生的男孩中，确定了51例尿道下裂。吸烟、饮酒或以往生育史(包括以往怀孕次数、流产次数、使用避孕药、受孕时间和初潮年龄)的母亲中尿道下裂病例的比例没有显著差异。在母亲饮食的某些方面发现了显著的差异，例如，在怀孕的前半部分，素食主义和铁补充。与没有补充铁的杂食动物相比，怀孕期间素食的母亲生下患有尿道下裂的男孩的调整优势比(OR)为4.99(95%置信区间，CI, 2.10-11.88)。在饮食中补充铁的杂食动物调整后的OR为2.07 (95% CI, 1.00-4.32)。尿道下裂唯一具有统计学意义的相关性是妊娠前3个月的流感(校正OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.50-6.78)。结论:由于素食者比杂食者接触植物雌激素更多，这些结果支持植物雌激素对男性生殖系统发育有有害影响的可能性。
http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/vegetables.shtml
蔬菜等等——谁定义食物？
雷佩特
http://raypeat.com/articles/articles/vegetables.shtml
由于奶牛瘤胃中的细菌会破坏不饱和脂肪酸，但不会损害维生素 E，因此假设牛肉和牛奶的维生素 E 与不饱和脂肪的比例比奶牛食用的植物更好，这似乎是合理的。
在屠宰动物的尿液和脂肪中发现有毒农药的浓度高于在肝脏中的浓度，因为肝脏正在对化学物质进行解毒并排出体外。据推测，动物的肝脏会对其饮食中天然存在的植物毒素进行相同的解毒反应。
不久前，母乳喂养在美国社会未被接受，一些制造商教世界上最贫穷的妇女使用其婴儿食品配方，即使没有干净的水来制备。工业家们一直在努力说服公众，该副产品，从棉籽油到虾壳，都是“健康食品”。在世界的一些地方，极度贫困的人有时会吃粘土，粘土甚至也被宣传为一种健康食品。当人们处于经济和社会压力之下时，几乎任何东西都会变成“食物”。如果这些东西没有剧毒，就可以成为“正常”饮食的一部分。
直觉会提供了一些关于营养需求的线索，例如口渴、对盐的渴望、甜食的愉悦，以及某些令人不快的气味、或非常辛辣、或苦涩的味道。天生无法品尝某些苦味化学物质的人会发现某些蔬菜不那么令人反感；他们的直觉指导变得不那么清晰了。但在欲望和厌恶的范围内，习惯和习俗成为饮食的主导力量。“专业营养师”和其他“专家”主要充当文化偏见的执行者。
婴儿蔬菜泥制造商过去常常在产品中加入大量的盐、糖和味精，因为添加的化学物质作为直觉信号，使这些材料在某种程度上被婴儿接受。这并没有科学依据，但这是一种有利可图的做法，与反对延长母乳喂养的社会压力是一致的。
穷人，尤其是在其他食物稀缺的春天，有时以羽衣甘蓝和刺青菜等叶子为生，通常用调味料烹制，如少许培根油和大量盐，这样更可口。最终，“饥荒食品”可以被接受为主要餐食。奶牛、绵羊、山羊和鹿可以以叶为食而茁壮成长，这一事实表明叶子含有必需的营养成分。如果食用足够的量，矿物质、维生素和氨基酸适合维持大多数动物的生命。但是当人们试图主要以叶子为生时，就像饥荒一样，很快就会患上各种各样的疾病。各种叶子含有抗代谢物质，阻止营养物质的吸收，只有非常特别适应的消化系统(或技术)才能克服这些有毒的影响。
有些植物有特定的“害虫”，例如昆虫，已经适应了对植物毒素的抵抗力，但如果植物及其捕食者要生存，就必须在植物组织的消化率和毒性之间取得平衡。植物的伤害会刺激产生更多的防御性化学物质。已知植物毒素对动物组织具有特异性；例如，毒素会抑制动物酶的作用，但催化相同反应的植物酶不会受到影响。
植物防御化学物质可以作为药物产生有益的用途。植物是用于癌症化疗的化学物质的重要来源，目的是阻止细胞分裂。其他植物药物可以刺激细胞分裂。来自一种植物的药物有时会保护细胞免受另一种植物的毒性作用。使用任何不是动物生理自然组成部分的药物都会产生许多生物学效应，因此，有益的药物作用通常会伴随着不需要的副作用。抗氧化剂可能会破坏内分泌系统，抗炎药可能会致突变或致癌。
一种特定的植物将具有多种具有特定功能的防御性化学物质。在地下，植物的根和块茎容易受到真菌和线虫的侵袭。叶、茎和种子容易受到昆虫、鸟类和食草动物的攻击。由于植物的种子对植物具有独特的重要性，又含有高浓度的营养物质，因此必须进行特殊保护。有时由硬壳组成，有时由抑制动物消化酶的化学物质组成。许多植物已经进化出果实，为动物提供浓缩的食物，可广泛传播种子，就像鸟吃浆果一样，将未消化的种子排到很远之外。如果果实有毒，就不能很好地满足植物的目的。一般来说，植物最强烈的毒素在种子中，果实成熟后通常几乎不含毒素。根部含有抑制微生物的化学物质，但由于食草动物和昆虫不易接触到，因此不含消化抑制剂，这些更集中在植物的地上器官。
植物的毒素包括酚类、单宁、凝集素和胰蛋白酶抑制剂，此外还有无数更具体的代谢抑制剂，包括“抗维生素”。不饱和脂肪本身就是重要的防御，因为会抑制胰蛋白酶和其他蛋白水解酶，阻止种子和叶子中存在的蛋白质同化，破坏所有依赖蛋白质分解的生物过程，例如甲状腺激素形成和血块清除。
一般来说，果实、根部和块茎提供高浓度的营养物质、以及低浓度的有毒抗代谢物质。
虽然营养参考表通常显示水果和土豆的蛋白质含量约为 2%，而坚果、谷物和豆类的蛋白质含量却很高，通常在 15% 到 40% 的范围内，但这忽略了水果和土豆的水分含量很高，而种子的水分含量极低。牛奶的蛋白质含量约为 3%，根据图表比较，表明不如豆类和谷物。事实上，谷物的蛋白质价值可以忽略不计，主要是因为种子以一种储存形式携带蛋白质，即富含氮，但缺乏必需氨基酸。需要特殊的烹饪加工来降低种子的毒性，以豆类为例，烹饪方法从来都不是很令人满意。
除了特定的防御性毒素和抗代谢物外，植物还是过敏原的主要来源。食物的致敏性取决于个人的敏感性以及植物的生长条件。剧毒杀虫剂的使用影响了作物和人类对过敏原的敏感性。最初由用于某些作物的有毒农药引起的敏感性，在工业化学品被消除后可能会持续存在，因为免疫系统容易受到“条件调节”的影响。
许多类型的植物化学物质具有致突变性，其中一些可致癌。加利福尼亚大学的布鲁斯·艾姆斯设计了一种使用细菌筛选诱变剂的方法。他的一名研究生使用该技术发现，儿童睡衣和床上用品中的阻燃剂是强大的诱变剂，可能会致癌。那次活动使艾姆斯成为名人，在 1980 年代，他参加了由美国癌症协会ACS支持的巡回演讲。演讲中反映了 ACS 的信条：工业化学物质不会导致癌症，但个人行为，例如吸烟或饮食选择，是癌症的主要原因。他使用欺诈性的“年龄调整”癌症死亡率图表，错误地展示，在 ACS 成立后，除肺癌之外的所有类型癌症的死亡率都已趋于平稳。他描述了 DDT 与食用药草提取物比较测试，发现 DDT 的致突变性低于几种最常用的调味药草。他的信息被化学和生物学教授作为听众热切接受，那就是不应该担心环境污染，因为不像人们对自己做的事情那么有害。他说，如果多吃不饱和植物油，不抽烟，就没有什么好担心的。
对我来说，他的实验意义在于植物含有天然农药，应该更加认真对待，而不是对工业毒素不那么认真。
已经发明了将植物转化为可消化蛋白质的技术，但目前的科学技术水平上，最好尽量减少对毒性更大的食物的使用，努力消除导致饥荒的条件。
动物蛋白和水果，含有最低水平的毒素，应该构成饮食的基础。当然，并不是所有的水果都是完全安全的，例如牛油果含有大量的不饱和脂肪，以至于可能致癌和肝毒性。
蛋白质缺乏本身会造成毒素的危害，因为肝脏解毒的能力取决于充足的营养，尤其是优质蛋白质。在1940年代，Biskind/比斯金德的实验表明，蛋白质缺乏会导致雌激素的积累，因为当血液通过肝脏时，肝脏通常会使血液中的所有雌激素失活。这适用于植物雌激素和工业雌激素以及身体的天然雌激素。在某个时间点，雌激素升高，甲状腺和孕激素降低会导致不孕症，但在此之前，雌激素过多会导致各种各样的出生缺陷，导致男性生殖器畸形，及其儿子患睾丸癌、女儿患乳腺癌，都是由毒素和营养缺乏共同造成的。
参考
Onderstepoort J Vet Res 1989 年 6 月；56(2):145-6。Pteridium aquilinum、Equisetum ramosissimum、Malva parviflora、狼尾草和紫花苜蓿的硫胺素酶活性和硫胺素含量。Meyer P 动物和乳制品科学研究所，私人包，艾琳。测定了五种植物的 1 型和 2 型硫胺素酶活性和硫胺素含量。在这些 Pteridium aquilinum 和 Equisetum ramosissimum中，发现比 Malva parviflora、Pennisetumcladestinum 和 Medicago sativa 具有更高的硫胺酶活性和更低的硫胺素含量。
自然 1994 年 4 月 21 日；368(6473):683-4。中毒远征之谜。 Earl JW, McCleary BV 生物化学系，皇家亚历山德拉儿童医院，Camperdown，悉尼，新南威尔士，澳大利亚。19 世纪，伯克和威尔斯在澳大利亚内陆的远征以灾难告终。但死因比当时任何人想象的都要严重：硫胺酶中毒引起的脚气。
评论于：自然 1994 年 8 月 11 日；370（6489）：408。Aust Vet J 1992 年 7 月；69(7):165-7。 绵羊水生动物“猝死”综合征的潜在机制。Bourke CA, Carrigan MJ 新南威尔士州农业、农业研究和兽医中心，奥兰治。1981 年至 1991 年间，调查了 20 起绵羊水生动物“猝死”综合征暴发事件，其中 4 起确诊，1 起疑似心脏疾病；确诊 5 例，疑似 3 例，为脑软化症；其余 7 次暴发的病因无法确定。在测试的 3 个有毒的雉草牧场中测量了氢氰酸的潜在毒性水平（20 至 36 毫克/100 克）。注意到其他人在有毒的鹧鸪草场中测量的硝酸盐氮的潜在毒性水平（2920 微克/克）。有人认为，趾“猝死”综合征可能有多达 4 种不同的潜在机制，并且这些可能反映了植物中存在心肺毒素、硫胺酶和胺共基质、氰化合物和硝酸盐化合物。
印度医学杂志 1991 年 10 月；94:378-83。瑞士小鼠中某些食物和食物成分的基因毒性作用。Balachandran B，Sivaswamy SN，Sivaramakrishnan VM 同位素部，马德拉斯癌症研究所。对印度南部的一些常见食物和食物成分进行了筛选，以了解它们对瑞士小鼠的遗传毒性影响。盐渍、晒干和油炸蔬菜和鱼类可引起染色体畸变、精子头部异常和微核产生，这与阳性对照即 20-甲基胆蒽的效果相当。Cissus等香料quadrangularis（一种用于某些南印度菜肴的本土草本植物）和热解孜然和大茴香显示出中等效果。广泛用于药物的菖蒲油非常有效。遗传毒性的所有三个参数都给出了相似的结果。
体内 1998 年 11 月至 12 月；12(6):675-89。疫苗接种和饮食因素对实验诱发的癌症的比较抗癌作用。 Zusman I 畸胎学和实验肿瘤学实验室，Koret 兽医学院，农业、食品和环境质量科学学院，耶路撒冷希伯来大学，以色列雷霍沃特。分析了两个主要因素在预防实验诱发的癌症中的作用：a) 用针对可溶性 p53 抗原产生的多克隆 IgG 对动物进行疫苗接种和 b) 用富含膳食纤维或脂肪的饮食喂养动物。a) 在疫苗接种中，已经进行了一些尝试来利用 p53 蛋白作为肿瘤抑制因子。针对来自荷瘤大鼠的细胞质可溶性 p53 抗原产生的 IgG 可防止 1,2-二甲基肼 (DMH) 的致癌作用，与未接种疫苗的对照组相比，接种组中荷瘤大鼠的数量显着减少，并防止良性肿瘤变成恶性的。与未接种疫苗的对照组相比，接种疫苗的抗肿瘤作用伴随着接种大鼠血清 p53 抗原水平的显着增加。宿主对疫苗接种的免疫反应激活了脾脏的淋巴成分，这种激活表现为针对特定抗原产生的淋巴细胞数量的倍增。这种增殖是通过抗原特异性淋巴母细胞的更高分裂以及随后转化为浆细胞来实现的。这些细胞合成特定的蛋白质 (IgG)。一种这样的蛋白质是与肿瘤相关的 p53 蛋白，它是由大鼠针对兔抗 p53 IgG 合成的。b) 在两个模型上回顾了饮食因素在预防化学诱发癌症中的作用：高脂肪饮食在预防乳腺癌中的作用。在结肠癌中的实验表明，20% 的纤维素可显着降低由 DMH 引起的肿瘤发病率。纤维素饮食的肿瘤预防作用伴随着酶浓度的增加，例如鸟氨酸脱羧酶、胸苷激酶和β-葡萄糖醛酸酶。这种作用伴随着一些细胞机制的激活，即细胞凋亡、增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）和p53蛋白合成。乳腺癌实验表明，15% 的橄榄油饮食可显着降低由 9,10-二甲基-1,2-苯并蒽引起的肿瘤发病率e. 橄榄油饮食的抗肿瘤作用与其单不饱和脂肪酸的含量有关，例如油酸和棕榈酸。其他高脂肪饮食（鳄梨、大豆）的促进致瘤作用与一些多不饱和脂肪酸（亚油酸和α-亚麻酸）的高含量有关。不同的饮食有不同的目标。同一饮食的效果取决于其抗肿瘤物质的含量。结论：疫苗接种和某些饮食在其肿瘤预防作用方面具有相似的机制。
Ann Nutr Metab 1991；35(5):253-60。 膳食鳄梨油对肝胶原代谢的影响。Wermam MJ, Mokady S, Neeman I 食品工程和生物技术系，Technion - 以色列理工学院，海法。在 8 周的生长雌性大鼠和 1 周龄的雏鸡中研究了各种鳄梨和大豆油对肝脏胶原代谢的影响。与喂食精制鳄梨油、精制或未精制大豆油的大鼠相比，喂食未精制鳄梨油的大鼠显示总胶原蛋白溶解度显着降低 在肝脏中，总胶原蛋白、蛋白质和水分含量没有变化。与饲喂精制鳄梨油的小鸡相比，饲喂未精制鳄梨油的小鸡也表现出肝脏总可溶性胶原蛋白的减少，而肝脏总胶原蛋白保持不受影响。大鼠肝脏的电子显微照片和光学显微镜检查显示 门静脉周围有胶原蛋白聚集。这暗示了纤维化的早期阶段。
生命科学 1997；60(19):1635-41。L-canaline：一种来自豆科植物的强效抗代谢物和抗癌剂。美国肯塔基大学罗森塔尔 GA 生化生态实验室，列克星敦 40506。[email protected] L-Canaline，L-鸟氨酸的 L-2-氨基-4-(氨基氧基)丁酸结构类似物'是一种强大的抗代谢物，储存在许多豆科植物中。这种非蛋白质氨基酸与含有维生素 B6 的酶的磷酸吡哆醛部分剧烈反应，形成一种共价结合的肟，使酶失活，通常是不可逆的。 Canaline 不仅能够抑制依赖鸟氨酸的酶活性，而且还可以作为赖氨酸拮抗剂发挥作用。最近，发现这种天然产物在体外对人胰腺癌细胞具有显着的抗肿瘤活性。
食品化学毒理学 1999 年 5 月；37(5):481-91。大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素在蔬菜、草药和酒中的含量。蒽醌类和全植物的遗传毒性和抗遗传毒性。Mueller SO, Schmitt M, Dekant W, Stopper H, Schlatter J, Schreier P, Lutz WK 德国维尔茨堡大学毒理学系。 1,8-二羟基蒽醌，存在于泻药、不完美真菌、中草药和可能的蔬菜中，作为人类致癌物存在争议。我们筛选了各种蔬菜（卷心菜、豆类、豌豆）、一些草药和草药味酒的“游离”蒽醌、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素含量。对于定性和定量分析，使用反相 HPLC (RP-LC)、气相色谱-质谱 (GC-MS) 和 RP-LC-MS。蔬菜显示出很大的批次间差异，豌豆、卷心菜和豆类中的总蒽醌分别为 0.04 至 3.6、5.9 和 36 mg/kg 鲜重 。Physcion 在所有蔬菜中占主导地位。中草药葡萄藤叶、草根、车前草中蒽醌类物质均在检出限以上。含量低于 1 mg/kg（干重）。在 11 种草药味酒中的 7 种中也发现了所有三种蒽醌，含量范围为 0.05 毫克/公斤至 7.6 毫克/公斤。在彗星试验、微核试验和小鼠淋巴瘤 L5178Y tk+/-细胞中的突变试验中研究了分析的蒽醌的遗传毒性。大黄素具有遗传毒性，而大黄酚和大黄素没有任何影响。完全植物提取物本身在微核测试中没有显示任何效果。生菜提取物完全消除了基因毒性蒽醌丹思隆对微核的诱导作用。考虑到蒽醌的测量浓度、估计的每日摄入量、遗传毒性效力以及食物基质的保护作用，所分析的成分并不代表均衡人类饮食中的高优先级遗传毒性风险。
Int J Food Sci Nutr 1998 年 9 月；49(5):343-52。刚果哺乳妇女通常食用的食物中的脂质含量和脂肪酸组成：其必需脂肪酸摄入量和母乳脂肪酸的发生率。 Rocquelin G、Tapsoba S、Mbemba F、Gallon G、Picq C 热带营养部门，ORSTOM，蒙彼利埃，法国。测定了生活在布拉柴维尔的 102 名刚果哺乳期母亲目前食用的近 40 种食物的脂肪含量和脂肪酸 (FA) 成分，以评估它们对母亲必需脂肪酸 (EFA) 摄入量和母乳 FA 的影响。最近公布了允许选择食物的母亲乳汁 FA 和饮食习惯的数据（Rocquelin 等，1998）。大多数食物都是当地生产的。食品样品在当地市场收集，必要时进行漂白以避免微生物降解，并在 +4 摄氏度或 -20 摄氏度下储存。它们在到达实验室后在脂质分析之前被冻干。通过毛细管气相色谱法测定食品脂质的 FA 组成。(dacryodes edulis)、花生、鳄梨（高脂肪和 18 : 2 n-6）、淡水 和咸水鱼（高 LC n-3 和/或 n-6 PUFA）和绿叶蔬菜（低脂肪但 alpha-18 含量非常高：3 n-3）。哺乳母亲经常食用它们提供了足够的 EFA 来满足哺乳期的需求。这也解释了为什么母亲的母乳富含 C8-C14 饱和 FA（占总 FA 的 26%）和 n-6、n-3 PUFA（分别占总 FA 的 15.0% 和 2.4%）对母乳喂养的婴儿来说非常有利可图。发展。从这个角度来看，刚果母亲的饮食习惯必须保持，因为它们比大多数西方饮食更充足。
Med Oncol 肿瘤药剂师 1990；7(2-3):69-85。膳食致癌物、环境污染和癌症：一些误解。Ames BN, Gold LS Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720。讨论了关于膳食致癌物、农药残留和致癌原因的各种误解。我们饮食中的杀虫剂 99.99% 是纯天然的，因为植物会产生种类繁多的毒素来对抗真菌、昆虫和动物捕食者。尽管这些天然农药中只有 50 种在动物癌症试验中，大约有一半是致癌物。在动物癌症测试中测试的所有化学物质中，约有一半是阳性的。天然农药在致裂性动物试验中呈阳性的比例也与合成化学品相同。有人认为，以最大耐受剂量在动物身上测试化学物质主要测量慢性细胞增殖，这是一个阈值过程。细胞增殖以多种方式具有诱变作用，包括诱导有丝分裂重组，因此细胞增殖的慢性诱导是癌症的危险因素。
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980 年 8 月；77(8):4961-5。粪便酶：一种通过肠道菌群将膳食糖苷激活为诱变剂的模型。Tamura G, Gold C, Ferro-Luzzi A, Ames BN 植物界和人类饮食中的许多物质都以糖苷的形式出现。最近的研究表明，许多在沙门氏菌试验等试验中不具有诱变性的糖苷在糖苷键水解后会产生诱变性。沙门氏菌测试利用肝脏匀浆来近似哺乳动物的新陈代谢，但不提供肠道菌群中存在的酶的来源，这些酶可以水解自然界中存在的多种糖苷。我们描述了一种稳定的人类粪便无细胞提取物 fecalase，在沙门氏菌/肝脏匀浆试验中，该提取物显示含有多种糖苷酶，允许在体外将许多天然糖苷激活为诱变剂。许多饮料，例如红葡萄酒（但显然不是白葡萄酒）和茶，含有 mutagne 槲皮素的苷。红葡萄酒、红葡萄汁和茶在添加粪便酶的试验中具有致突变性，而在没有粪便酶的情况下，红葡萄酒具有相当大的直接致突变活性。讨论了槲皮素致突变性和致癌性的影响。
Br J Rheumatol 1994 年 8 月；33(8):790-1。甚至大蒜。斯威特曼 BJ
营养癌症 1988；11(4):251-7。香料提取物对培养细胞的细胞毒性。Unnikrishnan MC，Kuttan R Amala 癌症研究中心，印度喀拉拉邦。印度饮食中使用的八种不同香料的提取物的细胞毒性是使用道尔顿淋巴瘤腹水肿瘤细胞和体外人淋巴细胞以及组织培养中的中国仓鼠卵巢细胞和 Vero 细胞测定的。发现香料的酒精提取物比它们的水提取物对这些细胞更具细胞毒性。几种香料的酒精提取物在体外浓度为 0.2-1 mg/ml 和在组织培养中浓度为 0.12-0.3 mg/ml 时抑制细胞生长。生姜、pippali（原产于印度；也称为干柳絮）、胡椒和大蒜的活性最高，其次是 asafetida、芥末和马革兰（原产于印度）。这些提取物还抑制了胸苷吸收到 DNA 中。
J Toxicol Sci 1984 年 2 月；9(1):77-86。 [大蒜的致突变性和细胞毒性试验]。[[日文文章] Yoshida S, Hirao Y, Nakagawa S 通过 Ames 试验、Rec 试验、微核试验以及对 HEp 2 和中国仓鼠胚胎（CHE ) 原代培养细胞。在 Ames 试验和 Rec 试验中未观察到这些样品的致突变性证据，而用大蒜汁处理的小鼠和中国仓鼠的骨髓细胞上的微核细胞和多染色细胞呈剂量依赖性增加。大蒜汁对两种培养细胞都有严重的损害，例如生长抑制和形态学变化，但即使在高浓度的大蒜提取物中也没有观察到或轻微的细胞毒性迹象。
Chung Hua Chung Liu Tsa Chih 1985 Mar;7(2):103-5 [新鲜大蒜、二烯丙基三硫化物、5-氟尿嘧啶 (5-FU)、丝裂霉素 C (MMC) 和顺式 DDP 对两种细胞毒性作用的比较胃癌细胞系]。 [中文文章] Pan XY Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 1998; 18(6):293-302 从 Scoparia dulcis L. (Scrophulariaceae) 中提取的黄酮 cirsitakaoside 的致裂性的体外和体内研究。Pereira-Martins SR，Takahashi CS，Tavares DC，Torres LM 生物系，Maranhao 联邦大学，Sao Luis，MA。巴西。[email protected]通过使用剂量为 5、10 和 15 μg 的黄酮/ml 培养基处理 48 小时的人外周血培养物，在体外评估了从药材黄芩中提取的黄酮 cirsitakaoside 的诱变作用。该化合物在测试的最高浓度（15 微克/毫升）下被证明具有诱变性。此外，在用黄酮处理的所有培养物中，增殖指数显着降低，尽管有丝分裂指数没有降低。然而，当瑞士小鼠以 10、20 和 30 mg/动物的剂量口服治疗 24 小时时，未观察到黄酮 cirsitakaoside 的致裂活性。
Proc Nutr Soc 1977 年 9 月；36(2):51A。试图克服饲喂蛋鸡日粮的田间豆类 (Vicia faba L) 和豌豆 (Pisum sativum) 中的抗营养因子。 戴维森
Am J Clin Nutr 1995 年 9 月；62(3):506-11。遗传味觉标记对食物接受度的影响。Drewnowski A，Rock CL 人类营养计划，密歇根大学公共卫生学院，安娜堡 48109-2029，美国。长期以来，遗传介导的对苯硫脲(PTC) 和 6-n-丙基硫氧嘧啶 (Prop) 苦味的敏感性与对其他甜味和苦味化合物的敏感性增强有关。新的研究表明，Prop 的品尝者和超级品尝者也可能在口味偏好以及拒绝食物和接受食物的模式上与标注者不同。一个问题是苦味蔬菜的可接受性是否受到 Prop 品尝者身份的影响。十字花科蔬菜是主要膳食之一癌症控制中潜在的化学保护剂的来源，据报道它们的消耗会改变癌症风险。针对个人或群体饮食改变的策略应考虑遗传味觉标记的作用及其对食物偏好和饮食习惯的潜在影响。
J Environ Sci Health B 1999 年 7 月；34(4):681-708。植物中潜在有毒元素的积累及其向人类食物链的转移。 Dudka S，Miller WP 佐治亚大学作物与土壤科学系，雅典 30602-2727，美国。受污染的土壤可能是诸如 As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb 和 Zn 等元素的作物植物的来源。As、Cu、Ni 和 Zn 向食物链的过度转移受到“土壤-植物屏障”的控制；然而，对于某些元素，包括 Cd，土壤-植物屏障会失效。美国普通人摄入的 Cd 水平约为 12 微克/天，与 USEPA 制定的风险参考剂量（70 微克 Cd/天）相比相对较低。植物源性食物是现代社会摄入镉的主要来源。鱼类和贝类可能是某些人群的主要汞膳食来源。人类铅摄入量中约有一半是通过食物摄入的，其中一半以上来自植物。 通过在这些金属含量已经很高的农田上施用污泥，可以增加 Cd 和 Pb 的膳食摄入量。在美国，用污泥改良的土壤将被允许（根据 USEPA-503 法规）将 Cr、Cd、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni 和 Se 和 Zn 积累到目前基线浓度的 10 到 100 倍的水平。 按照国际标准，这些级别是非常宽松的。由于从用于污水污泥中的金属获得的毒性数据供应有限，很难预测新法规将保护农作物免受金属毒性和食物链污染。
BJU Int 2000 年 1 月；85(1):107-13。怀孕期间的母亲素食与尿道下裂有关。ALSPAC 研究小组。雅芳妊娠和儿童纵向研究。 North K, Golding J 儿科和围产期流行病学单位，英国布里斯托大学儿童健康部。目的：调查产妇饮食，特别是素食主义和植物雌激素的摄入在尿道下裂的起源中可能发挥的作用，据报道，尿道下裂的患病率正在增加。主题和方法：在怀孕期间使用结构化的自我完成问卷从母亲那里前瞻性地获得详细信息，包括以前的产科病史、生活方式和饮食习惯。检查了先前公认的与环境和父母因素的关联，特别关注假设的激素联系。多变量逻辑回归用于识别独立关联。结果：在参加雅芳妊娠和儿童纵向研究的母亲所生的 7928 名男孩中，确定了 51 例尿道下裂病例。吸烟、饮酒或以前生殖史的任何方面（包括以前怀孕次数、流产次数、避孕药的使用、受孕时间和年龄）的母亲中尿道下裂病例的比例没有显着差异初潮时）。孕妇饮食的某些方面存在显着差异，即怀孕前半程的素食和铁补充。与不补充铁的杂食动物相比，怀孕期间吃素的母亲生下一个患有尿道下裂的男孩的调整优势比 (OR) 为 4.99（95% 置信区间，CI 为 2.10-11.88）。用铁补充饮食的杂食动物的调整后 OR 为 2.07（95% CI，1.00-4.32）。唯一与尿道下裂有统计学意义的关联是妊娠前 3 个月的流感（调整后的 OR 3.19，95% CI 1.50-6.78）。结论：由于素食者比杂食者更容易接触植物雌激素，这些结果支持植物雌激素对发育中的男性生殖系统产生有害影响的可能性。
