Estriol, DES, DDT, etc.
雌三醇、DES、DDT等
by Raymond Peat
A review of the use of estrogens reported in J.A.M.A. (only up to 1987) found nearly 200 different “indications” for its use. (Palmlund, 1996.) Using the conservative language of that journal, such use could be said to constitute wildly irresponsible “empirical” medical practice. More appropriate language could be used.
《美国医学会杂志》(J.A.M.A.)上发表的一篇关于雌激素使用的综述(直到1987年)发现，使用雌激素有近200种不同的“适应症”。(Palmlund, 1996)。使用该杂志的保守语言，这样的使用可以说构成了极其不负责任的“经验”医疗实践。可以使用更恰当的语言。
Pollution of the environment and food supply by estrogenic chemicals is getting increased attention. Early in the study of estrogens, it was noticed that soot, containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was both estrogenic and carcinogenic. Since then, it has been found that phenolics and chlorinated hydrocarbons are significantly estrogenic, and that many estrogenic herbicides, pesticides, and industrial by-products persist in the environment, causing infertility, deformed reproductive organs, tumors, and other biological defects, including immunodeficiency. In the Columbia River, a recent study found that about 25% of the otters and muskrats were anatomically deformed.
雌激素对环境和食品供应的污染越来越受到人们的关注。在雌激素研究的早期，人们就注意到煤烟含有多环芳烃，既具有雌激素作用，又具有致癌性。从那时起，人们发现酚类和氯代烃具有明显的雌激素作用，而且许多雌激素除草剂、杀虫剂和工业副产品会残留在环境中，导致不育、生殖器官畸形、肿瘤和其他生物缺陷，包括免疫缺陷。在哥伦比亚河，最近的一项研究发现，大约25%的水獭和麝鼠在解剖学上是畸形的。
Estrogenic pollution kills birds, panthers, alligators, old men, young women, fish, seals, babies, and ecosystems. Some of these chemicals are sprayed on forests by the US Department of Agriculture, where they enter lakes, underwater aquifers, rivers, and oceans. Private businesses spray them on farms and orchards, or put them into the air as smoke or vapors, or dump them directly into rivers. Homeowners put them on their lawns and gardens.
雌性激素污染导致鸟类、黑豹、短吻鳄、老人、年轻女性、鱼类、海豹、婴儿和生态系统死亡。其中一些化学物质由美国农业部喷洒到森林中，进入湖泊、水下蓄水层、河流和海洋。私营企业将它们喷洒在农场和果园，或以烟雾或蒸汽的形式排放到空气中，或直接排入河流。房主把它们放在他们的草坪和花园。
Natural estrogens, from human urine, enter the rivers from sewage. Many tons of synthetic and pharmaceutical estrogens, administered to menopausal women in quantities much larger than their bodies ever produced metabolically, are being added to the rivers.
In the same way that weak estrogens in the environment may become hundreds of times more estrogenic by synergistic interactions (J. A. McLachlan, et al., Science, June 7, 1996), combinations of natural, medical, dietary, and environmental estrogens are almost certain to have unexpected results. The concept of a “protective estrogen” is very similar to the idea of “protective mutagens” or “protective carcinogens,” though in the case of estrogens, their promoters don't even know what the normal, natural functions of estrogen are.
人类尿液中的天然雌激素通过污水进入河流。许多吨的合成和药物雌激素被注入河流中，这些雌激素的量远远超过了绝经期妇女的身体新陈代谢所产生的量。
同样地，通过协同作用，环境中的弱雌激素可能会增加数百倍的雌激素(J. A. McLachlan等人，《科学》，1996年6月7日)，天然、医疗、饮食和环境雌激素的组合几乎肯定会产生意想不到的结果。“保护性雌激素”的概念与“保护性诱变剂”或“保护性致癌物”的概念非常相似，尽管就雌激素而言，它们的启动子甚至不知道雌激素的正常、自然功能是什么。
In November, 1995, an international conference was held to study the problem of “Environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals,” and to devise strategies for increasing public awareness of the seriousness of the problem. Their “Statement from the work session” says “New evidence is especially worrisome because it underscores the exquisite sensitivity of the developing nervous system to chemical perturbations that result in functional abnormalities.” “This work session was convened because of the growing concern that failure to confront the problem could have major economic and societal implications.” “We are certain of the following: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can undermine neurological and behavioral development and subsequent potential of individuals….”“Because the endocrine system is sensitive to perturbation, it is a likely target for disturbance.” “Man-made endocrine-disrupting chemicals range across all continents and oceans. They are found in native populations from the Arctic to the tropics, and, because of their persistence in the body, can be passed from generation to generation.” “…many endocrine-disrupting contaminants, even if less potent than the natural products, are present in living tissue at concentrations millions of times higher than the natural hormones.” “The developing brain exhibits specific and often narrow windows during which exposure to endocrine disruptors can produce permanent changes in its structure and function.”
1995年11月，召开了一次国际会议，研究“环境内分泌干扰物”问题，并制定战略，提高公众对这一问题严重性的认识。他们的“工作会议声明”说:“新的证据尤其令人担忧，因为它强调了发育中的神经系统对化学干扰的高度敏感性，而化学干扰会导致功能异常。”“之所以召开这次工作会议，是因为人们越来越担心，如果不能解决这个问题，可能会产生重大的经济和社会影响。”“我们确信以下几点:内分泌干扰化学物质会破坏个人的神经和行为发育，以及随后的潜能….”“因为内分泌系统对干扰很敏感，它很可能是干扰的目标。”“人为干扰内分泌的化学物质遍布所有大陆和海洋。它们存在于从北极到热带的本地种群中，由于它们在体内的持久性，可以代代相传。”＂…许多干扰内分泌的污染物，即使没有天然产物那么强，但在活组织中存在的浓度却比天然激素高数百万倍。”“发育中的大脑表现出特定的、通常很窄的窗口期，在此期间，内分泌干扰物可能会对其结构和功能产生永久性的变化。”
In spite of this increased exposure to estrogens, there is a new wave of advertising of estrogenic substances, based on the idea that weak estrogens will provide protection against strong estrogens. The environmental background of estrogenic pollution already provides a continuous estrogenic exposure. In the 1940s, Alexander Lipshuts demonstrated that a continuous, weak estrogenic stimulus was immensely effective in producing, first fibromas, then cancer, in one organ after another, and the effect was not limited to the reproductive system. How is it possible that the idea of “protection” from a weak estrogen seems convincing to so many? Isn't this the same process that we saw when the nuclear industry promoted Luckey's doctrine of “radiation hormesis,” literally the claim that “a little radiation is positively good for us”?
尽管雌激素的使用增加了，但基于弱雌激素可以抵御强雌激素的观点，出现了一波新的雌激素物质广告。雌激素污染的环境背景已经提供了持续的雌激素暴露。20世纪40年代，亚历山大·利普塞(Alexander lipphillips)证明，持续的、微弱的雌激素刺激在一个又一个器官中产生纤维瘤，然后是癌症方面非常有效，而且这种影响不仅限于生殖系统。弱雌激素的“保护”概念怎么可能让这么多人信服呢?这难道不是我们在核工业推广勒基的“辐射激效”理论时所看到的过程吗?所谓的“少量辐射对我们有积极的好处”是指“少量辐射对我们有积极的好处”。
DES (diethyl stilbestrol) is one of the most notorious estrogens, because studies in humans revealed that its use during pregnancy not only caused cancer, miscarriages, blood clots, etc., in the women who used it, but also caused cancer, infertility, and deformities in their children, and even in their grandchildren. (But those transgenerational effects are not unique to it.)
Besides the absurd use of DES to prevent miscarriages, around 1950 it was also used to treat vulvovaginitis in little girls, for menstrual irregularity at puberty, to treat sterility, dysfunctional bleeding, endometriosis, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, migraine headaches, nausea and vomiting, and painful breast engorgement or severe bleeding after childbirth.
DES(二乙基己烯雌酚)是最臭名昭著的雌激素之一，因为对人类的研究表明，在怀孕期间使用它不仅会导致使用它的妇女患癌症、流产、血栓等，而且还会导致她们的子女甚至孙辈患癌症、不孕和畸形。(但这种跨代效应并非它所独有。)
除了荒谬地使用DES来防止流产，1950年左右它还被用于治疗小女孩的外阴阴道炎，青春期月经不调，不孕不育，功能失调出血，子宫内膜异位症，闭经，月经少，痛经，偏头痛，恶心和呕吐，以及分娩后乳房胀痛或严重出血。
DES is a “weak” estrogen, in the sense that it doesn't compete with natural estrogens for the “estrogen receptors.” (Estriol binds more strongly to receptors than DES does: “Cytosolic and nuclear estrogen receptors in the genital tract of the rhesus monkey,” J. Steroid Bioch. 8(2), 151-155, 1977.) Pills formerly contained from 5 to 250 mg. of DES. The 1984 PDRlists doses for hypogonadism and ovarian failure as 0.2 to 0.5 mg. daily. In general, dosage of estrogens decreased by a factor of 100 after the 1960s.
An aggressively stupid editorial by Alvin H. Follingstad, from the Jan. 2, 1978, issue of JAMA, pages 29-30, “Estriol, the forgotten estrogen?” is being circulated to promote the use of estriol, or the phytoestrogens. It argues that women who secrete larger amounts of estriol are resistant to cancer.
DES是一种“弱”雌激素，从某种意义上说，它不会与天然雌激素争夺“雌激素受体”。(雌三醇比DES更能与受体结合:“恒河猴生殖道的胞质和核雌激素受体”，J.甾体生物化学8(2)，151- 155,1977。)以前的药片含5到250毫克。1984年的PDR列出了治疗性腺功能减退和卵巢功能衰竭的剂量为0.2 - 0.5 mg。日报。总的来说，20世纪60年代以后，雌激素的用量减少了100倍。
1978年1月2日，Alvin H. Follingstad在《美国医学会杂志》第29-30页发表了一篇大胆而愚蠢的社论:“雌三醇，被遗忘的雌激素?”这篇社论正在传播，以促进雌三醇或植物雌激素的使用。它认为分泌较多雌三醇的女性对癌症具有抵抗力。
By some tests, estriol is a “weak estrogen,” by others it is a powerful estrogen.
When estriol was placed in the uterus of a rabbit, only 1.25 mcg. was sufficient to prevent implantation and destroy the blastocyst. (Dmowski, et al., 1977.) Since the effect was local, the body weight of the animal doesn't make much difference, when thinking about the probable effect of a similar local contentration of the hormone on human tissues. The anti-progestational activity of estriol and estradiol are approximately the same. (Tamotsu and Pincus, 1958.)
When 5 mg. of estriol was given to women intravaginally, this very large dose suppressed LH within 2 hours, and suppressed FSH in 5 hours. Given orally, 8 mg. had similar effects on LH and FSH after 30 days, and also had an estrogenic effect on the vaginal epithelium.. These quick systemic effects of a “weak estrogen” are essentially those of a strong estrogen, except for the size of the dose. (Schiff, et al., 1978.)
When administered subcutaneously, estriol induced abortions and stillbirths (Velardo, et al.)
在一些测试中，雌三醇是一种“弱雌激素”，而在另一些测试中，它是一种强大的雌激素。
当雌三醇被放入兔子的子宫时，只有1.25微克。足以阻止植入并破坏胚泡。(Dmowski等人，1977年)由于这种影响是局部的，当考虑到类似的激素局部浓度对人体组织可能产生的影响时，动物的体重并没有太大的影响。雌三醇和雌二醇的抗孕活性大致相同。(Tamotsu and Pincus, 1958)
当5毫克。大剂量雌三醇可在2小时内抑制黄体生成素，5小时内抑制卵泡刺激素。口服，8毫克。30天后对黄体生成素和卵泡刺激素有相似的作用，对阴道上皮也有雌激素作用。这些“弱雌激素”的快速全身效应本质上是强雌激素的效应，除了剂量的大小。(希夫等人，1978年)。
当皮下注射时，雌三醇导致流产和死产(Velardo等)。
Another indication of the strength of an estrogen is its ability to cause the uterus to enlarge. Estriol is slightly weaker, in terms of milligrams required to cause a certain rate of uterine enlargement, than estradiol. (Clark, et al., 1979.) But isn't the important question whether or not the weak estrogen imitates all of the effects of estradiol, including carcinogenesis and blood clotting, in addition to any special harmful effects it might have?
When added to long-term culture of human breast cancer cells, estriol stimulated their growth, and overcame the antiestrogenic effects of tamoxifen, even at concentrations hundreds of times lower than that of tamoxifen. “The data do not support an antiestrogenic role for estriol in human breast cancer.” (Lippman, et al., 1977.)
雌激素强度的另一个标志是它能使子宫扩大。雌三醇比雌二醇要弱一些，就引起一定程度的子宫增大所需要的毫克数而言。(Clark等，1979年)。但重要的问题不是弱雌激素是否模仿了雌二醇的所有影响，包括致癌和凝血，以及它可能产生的任何特殊的有害影响?
当加入到人类乳腺癌细胞的长期培养中，雌三醇刺激了它们的生长，并克服了它莫西芬的抗雌激素作用，即使浓度比它莫西芬低几百倍。“这些数据并不支持雌三醇在人类乳腺癌中具有抗雌激素作用。”(Lippman等，1977年)。
Studies of the urinary output of estriol/estradiol in women with or without breast cancer do not reliably show the claimed association between low estriol/estradiol and cancer, and the stimulating effect of estriol on the growth of cancer cells suggests that any alteration of the estrogen ratio is likely to be a consequence of the disease, rather than a cause. The conversion of estradiol to other estrogens occurs mainly in the liver, in the non-pregnant woman, as does the further metabolism of the estrogens into glucuronides and sulfates. The hormonal conditions leading to and associated with breast cancer all affect the liver and its metabolic systems. The hydroxylating enzymes are also affected by toxins. Hypothyroidism (low T3), low progesterone, pregnenolone, DHEA, etiocholanolone, and high prolactin, growth hormone, and cortisol are associated with the chronic high estrogen and breast cancer physiologies, and modify the liver's regulatory ability.
研究尿雌三醇的输出/雌二醇在有或没有乳腺癌的妇女不可靠地显示声称低雌三醇/雌二醇和癌症之间的联系,和刺激雌三醇对癌症细胞的生长的影响表明,雌激素的任何变更比率可能是疾病的结果,而不是一个原因。雌二醇向其他雌激素的转化主要发生在肝脏，在非孕妇中，雌激素进一步代谢成葡萄糖醛酸和硫酸盐也是如此。导致并与乳腺癌相关的激素状况都会影响肝脏及其代谢系统。羟化酶也受到毒素的影响。甲状腺功能减退(低T3)、低孕酮、孕烯醇酮、脱氢表雄酮、etiocholanolone和高催乳素、生长激素和皮质醇与慢性高雌激素和乳腺癌生理相关，并改变肝脏的调节能力。
The decreased output of hormones when the fetal-placental system is dying is a natural consequence, since the placenta produces hormones, and during pregnancy converts estradiol to estriol. Since estradiol in excess kills the fetus, its conversion by the placenta to estriol is in accord with the evidence showing that estriol is the more quickly excreted form. (G. S. Rao, 1973.) The conversion of 16-hydroxy androstenedione and 16-hydroxy-DHEA into estriol by the placenta (Vega Ramos, 1973) would also cause fetal exhaustion or death to result in lower estriol production. But a recent observation that a surge of estriol production precedes the onset of labor, and that its premature occurrence can identify women at risk of premature delivery (McGregor, et al., 1995) suggests that the estriol surge might reflect the mother's increased production of adrenal androgens during stress. (This would be analogous to the situation in the polycystic ovary syndrome, in which excessive estradiol drives the adrenals to produce androgens.)
当胎儿-胎盘系统死亡时，激素的输出减少是一个自然的结果，因为胎盘产生激素，在怀孕期间将雌二醇转化为雌三醇。由于过量的雌二醇会杀死胎儿，它通过胎盘转化为雌三醇，这与证据显示雌三醇是排泄速度更快的形式是一致的。(拉奥，1973)16-羟基雄烯二酮和16-羟基脱氢表雄酮通过胎盘转化为雌三醇(Vega Ramos, 1973)也会导致胎儿衰竭或死亡，从而导致雌三醇产量降低。但最近的一项观察发现，雌三醇的激增早于分娩开始，它的过早发生可以确定妇女是否有早产的风险(McGregor, et al.，1995)，这表明雌三醇的激增可能反映了母亲在压力下肾上腺雄激素的增加。(这与多囊卵巢综合征的情况类似，在多囊卵巢综合征中，过量的雌二醇促使肾上腺产生雄激素。)
Estetrol, which has one more hydroxyl group than estriol, is a “more sensitive and reliable indicator of fetal morbidity than estriol during toxemic pregnancies,” because it starts to decrease earlier, or decreases more, than estriol. (Kundu, et al., 1978.) This seems to make it even clearer that the decline of estriol is a consequence, not a cause, of fetal sickness or death.
A 1994 publication (B. Zumoff, “Hormonal profiles in women with breast cancer,” Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North. Am. (U.S.) 21(4), 751-772) reported that there are four hormonal features in women with breast cancer: diminished androgen production, luteal inadequacy, increased 16-hydroxylation of estradiol, and increased prolactin. The 16-hydroxylation converts estradiol into estriol.
酯醇比雌三醇多一个羟基，是“毒血症妊娠中胎儿发病率比雌三醇更敏感、更可靠的指标”，因为它比雌三醇开始下降得更早，或下降得更多。(Kundu等，1978.)这似乎更清楚地表明，雌三醇的下降是胎儿疾病或死亡的后果，而不是原因。
1994年出版(B. Zumoff，“女性乳腺癌的激素概况”，奥布斯特。Gynecol。中国。北方。点。(美国)21(4)，751-772)报道乳腺癌女性有四种激素特征:雄激素分泌减少，黄体功能不足，雌二醇16-羟化增加，催乳素增加。16-羟基化反应将雌二醇转化为雌二醇。
A new technique for radiographically locating a hormone-dependent breast cancer is based on the fact that estriol-sulfate is a major metabolite of estradiol. The technique showed the tumor to have about a six times higher concentration of estriol-sulfate than liver or muscle. (N. Shimura, et al., “Specific imaging of hormone-dependent mammary carcinoma in nude mice with [131I]-anti-estriol 3-sulfate antibody,” Nucl. Med. Biol. (England) 22(5), 547-553, 1995.)
基于硫酸雌醇是雌二醇的主要代谢物这一事实，放射学定位激素依赖性乳腺癌的新技术。这项技术显示，肿瘤中雌三醇硫酸酯的浓度是肝脏或肌肉的六倍。(N. Shimura等，“用[131I]-抗雌三醇3-硫酸盐抗体对裸鼠激素依赖性乳腺癌的特异性成像，”Nucl。地中海,杂志。(英国)22(5)，547-553,1995。)
Another association of elevated conversion of estradiol to estriol with disease was found to occur in men who had a myocardial infarction, compared to controls who hadn't. (W. S. Bauld, et al., 1957.)
与没有发生心肌梗死的对照组相比，雌二醇向雌二醇转化升高与疾病的另一关联发生在有心肌梗死的男性。(w.s. Bauld等，1957年)。
The estrogens in clover have been known for several decades to have a contraceptive action in sheep, and other phytoestrogens are known to cause deformities in the genitals, feminization of men, and anatomical changes in the brain as well as functional masculinization of the female brain. (Register, et al., 1995; Levy, et al, 1995; Clarkson, et al., 1995; Gavaler, et al., 1995.) The effects of the phytoestrogens are very complex, because they modify the sensitivity of cells to natural estrogens, and also modify the metabolism of estrogens, with the result that the effects on a given tissue can be either pro-estrogenic and anti-estrogenic. For example, the flavonoids, naringenin, quercetin and kaempherol (kaempherol is an antioxidant, a phytoestrogen, and a mutagen) modify the metabolism of estradiol, causing increased bioavailability of both estrone and estradiol. (W. Schubert, et al., “Inhibition of 17-beta-estradiol metabolism by grapefruit juice in ovariectomized women,” Maturitas (Ireland) 30(2-3), 155-163, 1994.)
几十年来，人们已经知道三叶草中的雌激素对绵羊有避孕作用，而其他植物雌激素则会导致生殖器畸形、男性女性化、大脑的解剖变化以及女性大脑的功能性男性化。(Register等人，1995年;Levy等人，1995;克拉克森等人，1995;Gavaler等，1995。)植物雌激素的作用是非常复杂的，因为它们改变了细胞对天然雌激素的敏感性，也改变了雌激素的代谢，其结果是对特定组织的作用可以是促雌激素作用和抗雌激素作用。例如，黄酮类化合物、柚皮素、槲皮素和山茶酚(山茶酚是一种抗氧化剂、一种植物雌激素和一种诱变剂)可以改变雌二醇的代谢，从而增加雌二醇和雌二醇的生物利用度。(W. Schubert等人，“葡萄柚汁对去卵巢妇女17- β -雌二醇代谢的抑制”，Maturitas(爱尔兰)30(2-3)，155-163,1994。)
Why do plants make phytoestrogens? There is some information indicating that these compounds evolved to regulate the plants' interactions with other organisms–to attract bacteria, or to repel insects, for example, rather than just as pigment-forming materials. (Baker, 1995.) The fact that some of them bind to our “estrogen receptors” is probably misleading, because of their many other effects, including inhibiting enzyme functions involved in the regulation of steroids and prostaglandins. Their biochemistry in animals is much more complicated than that of natural estrogens, which is itself so complicated that we can only guess what the consequences might be when we change the concentration and the ratio of substances in that complex system. (See quotation from Velardo, et al., page 6)
为什么植物会产生植物雌激素?有一些信息表明，这些化合物的进化是为了调节植物与其他生物的相互作用，比如吸引细菌或击退昆虫，而不仅仅是作为色素形成材料。(贝克,1995)。其中一些与我们的“雌激素受体”结合的事实可能是误导，因为它们有许多其他作用，包括抑制激素和前列腺素调节中的酶功能。它们在动物体内的生物化学要比天然雌激素复杂得多，天然雌激素本身也很复杂，以至于当我们改变这个复杂系统中物质的浓度和比例时，我们只能猜测可能产生的后果。(见Velardo等人的引文，第6页)
These “natural” effects in sheep were forerunners of the observed estrogenic effects in wild animals, caused by pollutants. Twenty-five years ago I reviewed many of the issues of estrogen's toxicity, and the ubiquity of estrogenic substances, and since then have regularly spoken about it, but I haven't concentrated much attention on the phytoestrogens, because we can usually just choose foods that are relatively free of them. They are so often associated with other food toxins–antithyroid factors, inhibitors of digestive enzymes, immunosuppressants, etc.–that the avoidance of certain foods is desirable. Recently an advocate of soybeans said “if they inhibit the thyroid, why isn't there an epidemic of hypothyroidism in Asia?” I happened to hear this right after seeing newspaper articles about China's problem with 100,000,000 cretins; yes, Asia has endemic hypothyroidism, and beans are widely associated with hypothyroidism.
绵羊身上的这些“自然”效应是在野生动物身上观察到的由污染物引起的雌激素效应的先驱。25年前，我回顾了很多关于雌激素毒性的问题，以及无处不在的雌激素物质，从那以后，我经常谈论它，但我没有把太多的注意力集中在植物雌激素上，因为我们通常可以选择相对不含植物雌激素的食物。它们经常与其他食物毒素——抗甲状腺因子、消化酶抑制剂、免疫抑制剂等——联系在一起，因此最好避免食用某些食物。最近，一位大豆的倡导者说:“如果大豆能抑制甲状腺，为什么亚洲没有甲状腺功能减退症的流行?”我在报纸上看到关于中国一亿白痴问题的文章后，碰巧听到了这个消息;是的，亚洲有地方性的甲状腺机能减退症，而豆类被广泛认为与甲状腺机能减退有关。
When I first heard about clover-induced miscarriages in sheep, I began reading about the subject, because it was relevant to the work I was doing at that time on reproductive aging. Sheep which are adapted to living at high altitude, where all animals have reduced fertility, have an adaptive type of hemoglobin, with a greater affinity for oxygen. Fetal hemoglobin, in animals at sea-level, has a great affinity for oxygen, making it possible for the fetus to get enough oxygen, despite its insulation from the mother's direct blood supply. The high-altitude-tolerant sheep have hemoglobin which is able to deliver sufficient oxygen to the uterus to meet the needs of the embryo/fetus, even during relative oxygen-deprivation. These sheep are able to sustain pregnancy while grazing on clover. It seemed evident that estrogen and high altitude had something in common, namely, oxygen deprivation, and it also seemed evident that these sheep provided the explanation for estrogen's abortifacient effects.
当我第一次听说三叶草引起的绵羊流产时，我开始阅读这个主题，因为它与我当时在生殖衰老方面所做的工作有关。羊适应生活在高海拔地区，那里所有动物的繁殖能力都下降，它们有一种适应型的血红蛋白，对氧气有更大的亲和力。在海平面上的动物中，胎儿的血红蛋白与氧气有很大的亲和性，这使得胎儿有可能获得足够的氧气，尽管它与母亲的直接血液供应绝缘。耐高海拔的羊有血红蛋白，即使在相对缺氧的情况下，也能将足够的氧气输送到子宫以满足胚胎/胎儿的需要。这些羊能在吃三叶草的时候维持怀孕。很明显，雌性激素和高海拔地区有一些共同之处，即缺氧。同样明显的是，这些羊为雌性激素的流产作用提供了解释。
Estrogen's effects, ranging from shock to cancer, all seem to relate to an interference with the use of oxygen. Different estrogens have different affinities for various tissues, and a given substance is likely to have effects other than estrogenicity, and the presence of other substances will modify the way a tissue responds, but the stressful shift away from oxidative production of energy is the factor that all estrogens have in common. Otherwise, how could suffocation and x-irradiation have estrogenic effects?
雌激素的作用，从休克到癌症，似乎都与干扰氧气的使用有关。雌激素对不同组织有不同的亲和力不同,一个给定的物质可能会影响除了求偶性,和其他物质的存在将修改的方式组织回应,但压力从氧化生产的能量转移的因素,所有雌激素的共同点。否则，窒息和x射线怎么会有雌激素作用呢?
Pharmaceutical misrepresentations regarding the estrogens rank, in terms of human consequences, with the radiation damage from fall-out from bomb tests and reactor-leaks, with industrial pollution, with degradation of the food supply–with genocide, in fact.
Advertising gets a bad name when it can't be distinguished from mass murder. At a certain point, we can't afford to waste our time making subtle distinctions between ignorance and malevolence. If we begin pointing out the lethal consequences of “stupid” or quasi-stupid commer- cial/governmental policies, the offenders will have the burden of proving that their actions are the result of irresponsible ignorance, rather than criminal duplicity. From the tobacco senators to the chemical/pharmaceutical/food/energy industries and their agents in the governmental agencies, those who do great harm must be held responsible.
关于雌激素等级的药物误传，对人类的影响，炸弹试验和反应堆泄漏的辐射损害，工业污染，食品供应的退化，事实上还有种族灭绝。
当不能将广告与大规模谋杀区分开来时，广告就声名狼藉。在某种程度上，我们不能浪费时间在无知和恶意之间进行细微的区分。如果我们开始指出“愚蠢”或半愚蠢的商业/政府政策的致命后果，罪犯将有责任证明他们的行为是不负责任的无知的结果，而不是犯罪的口是心非。从烟草参议员到化学/制药/食品/能源行业及其在政府机构中的代理人，那些造成巨大伤害的人必须承担责任。
The idea of corporate welfare, in which public funds are given in massive subsidies to rich corporations, is now generally recognized. Next, we have to increase our consciousness of corporate responsibility, and that ordinary criminal law, especially RICO, can be directly applied to corporations. It remains to be seen whether a government can be made to stop giving public funds to corporations, and instead, to begin enforcing the law against them–and against those in the agencies who participated in their crimes.
In the U.S., the death penalty is sometimes reserved for “aggravated homicide.” If those who kill hundreds of thousands for the sake of billions of dollars in profits are not committing aggravated homicide, then it must be that no law written in the English language can be objectively interpreted, and the legal system is an Alice in Wonderland convenience for the corporate state.
现在，公共资金大量补贴富有的企业的“企业福利”概念得到了普遍认可。其次，我们要提高企业责任意识，普通刑法，特别是RICO，可以直接适用于企业。政府是否可以停止向企业提供公共资金，转而开始对企业以及参与企业犯罪的机构实施法律，这还有待观察。
在美国，死刑有时只适用于“严重杀人罪”。如果那些杀了成千上万的数十亿美元的利润不是犯了杀人,那么它一定是没有写在法律英语可以客观地解释,法制建设是一个爱丽丝梦游仙境方便企业状态。
Copyright: Raymond Peat, PhD 1997
PO Box 5764 Eugene, OR 97405
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T. Miyake and G. Pincus, “Anti-progestational activity of estrogens in rabbit endometrium,” Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. and Med. 99(2) 478-482, 1958. “The anti-progestational activity of 4 estrogens–estrone, estradiol, estriol, and stilbestrol–administered subcutaneously with progesterone into Clauberg rabbits has been demonstrated….” “The anti-progestational activities of these estrogens are approximately the same.” “…estrogen may depress reactivity of the endometrium to progesterone rather than neutralize or inactivate progesterone in the body.”
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What we call inflammation offers a good conceptual link between the studies on excitotoxicity or cellular stress, and the newer approaches to the treatment of aging and degenerative diseases, based on ideas of regeneration and development. Controlling inflammation becomes part of promoting regeneration..
Apoptosis is a type of cell death in which the cell appears to melt, with the DNA being cut into short fragments. It can be considered to be the end result of an extreme excitotoxic process. It should serve to stimulate nearby cells.
As the result of industrial promotion, including product advertising and grants for research, “weak estrogens” and “antioxidants” derived from soy are being discussed as means to prevent breast and prostate cancer, heart disease, stress and aging. Another so-called weak estrogen, estriol, is being promoted by drug companies for the “alternative medical” market, with the circulation of an editorial from JAMA, recommending it for preventing breast cancer.
Japanese women used to be very free of breast cancer, and when their children grew up in the U.S., their incidence of the disease was like that of Americans. How odd that the soybean should be singled out for responsibility. Japanese breast cancer incidence has risen sharply in recent years. Did they stop eating tofu? Did their traditional use of seaweed as food have nothing to do with their health? Did the traditional home-bound isolation of Japanese women, their avoidance of smoking and drinking, have no effect on hormones and cancer? Their calorie intake? Iodine and trace minerals? What types of protein and fat, in what quantities, did they use?
我们所说的炎症为兴奋毒性或细胞应激的研究与基于再生和发展的治疗衰老和退行性疾病的新方法之间提供了良好的概念联系。控制炎症成为促进再生的一部分。
细胞凋亡是一种细胞死亡，在这种死亡中，细胞似乎融化了，DNA被切成短片段。它可以被认为是一个极端兴奋毒性过程的最终结果。它应该能刺激附近的细胞。
作为产业推广的结果，包括产品广告和研究资助，从大豆中提取的“弱雌激素”和“抗氧化剂”被讨论为预防乳腺癌、前列腺癌、心脏病、压力和衰老的手段。另一种所谓的弱雌激素——雌三醇，正被制药公司推广到“替代医疗”市场，《美国医学会杂志》的一篇社论推荐它用于预防乳腺癌。
日本女性过去很少患乳腺癌，当她们的孩子在美国长大时，她们的发病率和美国人一样。奇怪的是，大豆竟然被单独挑出来承担责任。近年来，日本乳腺癌发病率急剧上升。他们停止吃豆腐了吗?他们把海藻作为食物的传统做法与他们的健康毫无关系吗?日本妇女传统的居家隔离，不吸烟不喝酒，对荷尔蒙和癌症没有影响吗?他们的卡路里摄入量?碘和微量矿物质?他们用了多少种类的蛋白质和脂肪?
