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Everyone recognizes that changes occur when we adapt to a new climate, a new diet, a new sport, or a new kind of work; the idea of “body building” is based on the understanding that choices of activtity can cause major changes in appearance and abilities. However, the exact nature of adaptive change has been poorly defined, and has been influenced by ideological and dogmatic commitments, especially related to inheritance. 每个人都会发现，当我们适应一种新的气候、一种新的饮食方式、一种新的运动或者一份新的工作的时候，身体会发生变化；“健美”的理念正是基于这样的理解：活动的选择会导致外观和能力的重大改变。然而，自适应的确切性质 变化的定义很不明确，而且一直在进行受意识形态和教条的影响，特别是与继承有关的。
The idea that individual cells might, in a purposeful and useful way, change their functions and structures in response to something in their environment . . . has been,for more than 100 years, something to deny and to discourage to protect the reductionist-mechanistic model of reality.
单个细胞可能会以一种有目的和有用的方式，改变其功能和结构以响应它们环境中的某种物质。这种想法已经持续100多年了。某种物质被否认、被阻止，以保护还原主义的现实机制模型。
Even Charles Darwin acknowledged the existence of inheritance of acquired traits, and proposed that cellular changes in the body produced by interactions with the environment were transmitted through the blood to the gonads and germ cells as particles he called gemmules.One reaction against that idea was that the apparatus of heredity exists only in the nuclei of the germ cells, and that the nuclear material is absolutely impervious to the effects of the environment. 即使查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）也承认存在后天特征的继承，并提出这样的观点：与环境相互作用产生的体内细胞的变化，通过一种被他称之为gemmules的微粒，通过血液传递到性腺和生殖细胞。对这一观点的一种反对意见是：遗传装置仅存在于生殖细胞的细胞核中，细胞核材料是绝对不受环境影响的。
For more than 100 years the dogma of the isolation of the “germ line” from the “soma” influenced every aspect of thinking in biology and medicine. One of the derivative ideas was Crick’s Central Dogma of molecular biology, that information flows from (nuclear) DNA to (cytoplasmic) protein, and never in the reverse direction. Another derivative dogma was that the nucleus is “the brain of the cell.” Supporting that idea was the dogma that the cytoplasm of the cell consists of a membrane-enclosed fluid in which things occur only by random diffusion—random interaction of solutes could hardly have a guiding brain-like function. Some people who couldn’t accept the “nuclear brain” idea decided that the cell membrane (constructed according to the nuclear blueprint) must be the source of the cell’s meaningfully organized behavior. 100多年来，“生殖系”与“躯体”分离的教条影响了生物学和医学思维的各个方面。其中一个衍生思想是克里克分子生物学的中心教条，即信息从（核）DNA流向（细胞质）蛋白质，而不是相反的方向。另一个衍生的教条是细胞核是“细胞的大脑”。支持这一观点的教条是细胞的细胞质由膜封闭的液体组成，其中事物只能通过溶质的随机扩散随机相互作用发生，几乎不可能具有引导大脑的功能。一些不能接受“核脑”想法的人认为细胞膜（根据核蓝图构建）必须是细胞有意义组织行为的来源。
When a person chooses a new kind of activity their cells cooperate by changing their nature,“behaving” differently. More than 100 years ago,some of the best known and best financed biological research was designed to prove that cells don’t “behave,” since behavior implies intrinsic awareness and purposeful action; their reactions were called “tropisms,” implying a purely mechanical change in reaction to a stimulus. Shortly after the doctrine of tropisms was established for single cells such as amebas and paramecia, the Behaviorist movement in what had been psychology, following J.B. Watson’s false description of the meaning of Pavlov’s work, began claiming that human life operated similarly, and that consciousness and purpose didn’t exist. Later, B.F. Skinner argued that ideas of moral autonomy, freedom, and human dignity were hindrances to understanding human nature. 当一个人选择一种新的活动时，他们的细胞通过改变他们的性质来合作，“表现”不同。100多年前，一些最着名和资金最多的生物学研究旨在证明细胞不会“表现”，因为行为意味着内在的意识和有目的的行动；它们的反应被称为“向性”，意味着对刺激的反应纯粹是机械的变化。在阿米巴斯和帕拉梅西亚等单细胞确立了向性学说后不久，继J.B.沃森对巴甫洛夫作品含义的错误描述之后，心理学中的行为主义运动开始声称人类生活的运作方式相似，意识和目的不存在。后来，B.F.斯金纳认为，道德自主权，自由和人的尊严观念是理解人性的障碍。
Researchers (such as Beatrice Gelber) who demonstrated that single cell organisms can learn purposefully were sidelined, and written out of science, but a few people have continued to produce evidence of intelligent, purposeful behavior, and deliberate useful changes in their DNA, even by bacteria (James A. Shapiro). 研究人员（像Beatrice Gelber）证明单细胞生物可以有目的地学习，他们被排除在科学之外。但少数人继续提供（细胞）智能、有目的的行为和故意有用的DNA变化的证据，即使是细菌也会（James A. Shapiro）。
The conditions that evoke the formation of exosomes that are appropriate for the problem caused by stress are continually changing, and are different in different parts of the body.
诱发外泌体形成的条件在不断变化，并且在身体的不同部位有所不同。
Many practical biologists, plant and animal breeders, kept the idea of adaptive inheritance alive, and the idea of cytoplasmic inheritance began developing as an alternative to nuclear inheritance. Starting in the 1930s and ’40s, Tracy Sonneborn’s work with unicellular paramecia began to show that inheritance isn’t just nuclear. When cytoplasmic inheritance could no longer be denied, its real meaning was denied by arguing that it operated through the same kind of genes as nuclear inheritance, “plasmids” floating in the formless cytoplasm, containing some DNA that had either escaped from the nucleus, or that had originated from symbiotic bacteria. Interest in Sonneborn’s work was effectively redirected, either by seeing it as just more Mendelian genetics, or, when that wasn’t possible, to declare that paramecia were no longer suitable organisms for studying inheritance. 许多实用的生物学家、植物和动物育种家都保持适应性遗传的思想，细胞质遗传的思想开始发展为核遗传的替代方案。 从 1930 年代和 40 年代开始，Tracy Sonneborn 对单细胞草履虫的研究开始表明遗传不仅仅是核遗传。 当细胞质遗传不能再被否认时，它的真正含义被否认，认为它是通过与核遗传相同的基因运作的，“质粒”漂浮在无形的细胞质中，含有一些从细胞核中逃逸出来的DNA，或者 起源于共生细菌。 人们对 Sonneborn 工作的兴趣被有效地重新定向，要么将其视为更多的孟德尔遗传学，要么在不可能时宣布草履虫不再适合研究遗传的生物。
One of Sonneborne’s experiments that undoubtedly contributed to the declining interest in paramecium research involved microsurgery, in which he cut out and reversed a section of the organism’s surface, so that the cilia that normally beat in a direction that propelled the cell forward would beat in the reverse direction. The animal survived, and the cilia in that area always beat in the wrong direction for the rest of its life. When it divided, the daughter cells, and all the following descendants had the same patch of reversed cilia. It was obvious that the “body plan” of the paramecium isn't under the control of the genes. Sonneborne 的一项涉及显微外科手术的实验无疑导致了对草履虫研究兴趣下降。他切出并反转了生物体表面的一部分，这样通常沿推动细胞前进的方向跳动的纤毛会在反方向。 这只动物幸存了下来，而那个区域的纤毛在它的余生中总是朝着错误的方向跳动。 当它分裂时，子细胞和所有后续后代都具有相同的反向纤毛。 很明显，草履虫的“身体计划”不受基因控制。
When research in a wide range of animals, and humans, began making it impossible to deny that environmental conditions can cause transgenerational effects, the reality of “epigenetics” was accepted by mainstream biologists as a non-Mendelian form of inheritance, but they detoxified and denatured it, by finding mechanisms that could account for it, but only in a very limited and temporary way, that didn’t have any influence at all on their basic doctrine, that the “germ line” is ultimately impenetrable by adaptive changes in response to new environmental situations. The changes they accept do nothing more than influence which of the inherited eternal DNA genes will be expressed for a while, allowing the original, species-defining traits to be restored when the suppressive effects are removed. For them, “epigenetics” refers to a change in the state of cellular differentiation that persists through cell division; an early source of the word was Waddington’s use of “epigenesis” to refer to the changes of gene expression that produce stable changes in cell differentiation during the process of development of the organism. 当对各种动物和人类的研究开始无法否认环境条件会导致跨代影响时，“表观遗传学”的现实被主流生物学家接受为非孟德尔遗传形式，但他们通过寻找可以解释它的机制使其解毒和变性，但只是以非常有限和暂时的方式，对其基本原则没有任何影响，即“种系”最终是无法通过响应的适应性变化来应对新的环境形势。 他们接受的变化无非是影响那些遗传的永恒 DNA 基因将在一段时间内表达，在消除抑制作用后会恢复原始的、物种定义的特征。 对他们来说，“表观遗传学”是指通过细胞分裂持续存在的细胞分化状态的变化； 这个词的早期来源是 Waddington 使用“后生发生”来指代基因表达的变化，这些变化在生物体的发育过程中产生稳定的细胞分化变化。
Experiments have made it clear that experience is always modifying our being, and that our continuous processes of adaptation and development can’t be separated from our understanding of the world.
实验清楚地表明，经验总是在改变我们的存在，我们不断适应和发展的过程与我们对世界的理解密不可分。
The belief in genetic determinism has had a strong influence on the understanding of an organism’s adaptation to its environment. The differentiated state of the cells in our body is usually considered to be terminal, and occurs when an undifferentiated precursor or stem cell receives specific influences that cause a particular pattern of gene expression, which then persists in non-dividing cells. During the development from stem and precursor cells, the “epigenetic” factors, DNA methylation, histone acetylation, formation of micro-RNA, etc., stabilize the differentiated state of the cell. 遗传决定论的信念对理解生物体对其环境的适应产生了强烈的影响。 我们体内细胞的分化状态通常被认为是终末期，当未分化的前体细胞或干细胞受到特定影响，导致基因表达的特定模式时，就会发生，然后在非分裂细胞中持续存在。 在干细胞和前体细胞的发育过程中，“表观遗传”因素、DNA甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化、micro-RNA的形成等，稳定了细胞的分化状态。
This view of cellular differentiation is convenient for the medical doctrine of incurable 2 diseases—the state of differentiation follows an orderly plan, and that plan changes only by changing something in the cell’s nucleus. When tumor cells are formed, it’s because something has randomly interfered with the plan, disrupting the genes, in a manner that can only get worse. 这种细胞分化的观点很适合不治之症的医学学说——分化的状态遵循一个有序的计划，只有改变细胞核中的某些东西才能改变这个计划。 当肿瘤细胞形成时，这是因为某些东西随机干扰了计划，破坏了基因，而且只会变得更糟。
The idea that individual cells might, in a purposeful and useful way, change their functions and structures in response to something in their environment, without having to go through a series of differentiating cell divisions, has been, for more than 100 years, something to deny and to discourage to protect the reductionist-mechanistic model of reality. 个体细胞可能会以一种有目的且有用的方式改变其功能和结构以响应其环境中的某些事物而无需经历一系列分化的细胞分裂的想法，已经持续了100多年了。 某些事物被否认并劝阻，以保护现实的还原论机械模型。
For a long time, the changes of aging were explained as the result of accumulation of random somatic mutations, irreversibly destroying genes and the tissue functions that depend on them. That idea was proven to be contrary to the evidence, and it was replaced by the idea of irreversible cell differentiation, a pattern of gene transcription that strongly resists change, held in place by epigenetic modification of the genes (Nacarelli, et al., 2017; Nacarelli and Sell, 2017; Lopes-Paciencia, et al., 2019). The origin of the problem is always in the genes, and the general picture has hardly changed from the time when random somatic mutations explained aging, degeneration, and cancer. 长期以来，衰老的变化被解释为随机体细胞突变积累的结果，不可逆转地破坏了基因和依赖于它们的组织功能。 这个想法被证明与证据相反，取而代之的是不可逆细胞分化的想法，这是一种强烈抵制变化的基因转录模式，通过基因的表观遗传修饰保持不变（Nacarelli 等人，2017 年） ；Nacarelli 和 Sell，2017 年；Lopes-Paciencia 等人，2019 年）。 问题的根源始终在于基因，从随机体细胞突变解释衰老、退化和癌症以来，总体情况几乎没有改变。
Exosomes, virus sized particles emitted by cells, especially when they are under stress, are known to transmit information to other cells within an organism, and to modify their state of differentiation (Hayashi and Hoffman, 2017). There is now good evidence showing that they, like Darwin’s gemmules, can transmit information from somatic cells to germ cells. Their functions within the organism are now widely considered to be an agent of epigenetic adaptation. They carry many different substances, including microRNA and other factors that modify DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Current attention is directed to understanding the way that exosomes modify gene expression, the state of differentiation, in the cells that receive them, emphasizing the stability of the changes. 外泌体是由细胞释放的病毒大小的颗粒，尤其是当它们处于压力下时，已知会向生物体内的其他细胞传递信息，并改变它们的分化状态（Hayashi 和 Hoffman，2017）。 现在有充分的证据表明，它们像达尔文的宝石一样，可以将信息从体细胞传递到生殖细胞。 它们在生物体中的功能现在被广泛认为是表观遗传适应的代理。 它们携带许多不同的物质，包括microRNA 和其他修饰 DNA 甲基化和组蛋白乙酰化的因子。 目前的注意力集中在了解外泌体在接受它们的细胞中修饰基因表达的方式、分化状态，强调变化的稳定性。
I think the crucial question is how the cell that produces them has organized their composition so that their effects in the organism will achieve an adaptive effect, often a restorative effect that corrects harmful conditions that have been produced by stress. This is intelligent purposive behavior, usually beneficial for the organism. In the case of cancer cells, the changes they cause are good for the survival of the cancer, but bad for the organism. 我认为关键的问题是产生它们的细胞是如何组织它们的成分的，以便它们在生物体中的作用将达到适应性效果，这通常是一种修复作用，来纠正由压力产生的有害情况。 这是智能的有目的的行为，通常对有机体有益。 就癌细胞而言，它们引起的变化对癌症的生存有利，但对机体不利。
In the process of optimizing our interactions with our environments, we need to continually improve conditions, rather than reducing our needs to match poor environments.
在优化我们与环境互动的过程中，我们需要不断改善条件，而不是减少我们的需求来与恶劣环境相匹配。
The conditions that evoke the formation of exosomes that are appropriate for the problem caused by the stress are continually changing, and are different in different parts of the body.Environmental conditions elicit quick, intelligent, evaluative reactions from the cells. In a chronically bad environment, these changes that are the best that can be achieved at the moment, will continue to accumulate, and the accumulation of contextually appropriate reactions will lead to harmful degenerative effects, as long as the environment presents stressful conditions. 引起适合由压力引起的问题的外泌体形成的条件不断变化，并且在身体的不同部位不同。环境条件引起细胞的快速，智能，评估反应。在长期恶劣的环境中，只要环境呈现压力条件，这些目前可以实现的最好的变化将继续积累，并且情境适当反应的积累将导致有害的退化效应。
Rather than blaming the cells, as in the current doctrine of aging as an accumulation of cells with the “senescence-associated secretory phenotype,”SASP, we might consider the effects of eliminating the harmful features of the environment. If cells are purposefully and perceptively adaptive, we would expect cells in a more suitable environment to begin to re-adapt, eliminating their adaptations to a harmful environment, including SASP cells and fibrotic tissues with depressed oxidative metabolism, and to begin producing fully vital cells adapted to life at a higher energy level. 与其归咎于细胞，如当前将衰老视为具有“衰老相关分泌表型”SASP 的细胞积累的学说，我们可能会考虑消除环境有害特征的影响。 如果细胞具有有目的地和感知能力，我们预计处于更合适环境中的细胞会开始重新适应，消除它们对有害环境的适应，包括 SASP 细胞和氧化代谢受抑制的纤维化组织，并开始产生完全有活力的细胞 适应更高能量水平的生活。
The experiments that showed learning in single cells, which obviously can't involve changes in synapses, conflicted with the theories of learning based on a computer model in which synapses correspond to transistors, and axons correspond to wires. In the last 75 years there have been great advances in understanding how awareness might exist in living substance, disregarding the schemes in which awareness consists of abstract information, resting on a foundation of a network of synapses, and instead viewing it as a direct physical interaction between the perceiver and the perceived. 显示单细胞学习的实验显然不能涉及突触的变化，这与基于计算机模型的学习理论相冲突，其中突触对应于晶体管，轴突对应于电线。 在过去的 75 年里，在理解意识如何存在于生物体方面取得了巨大进步，忽略了意识由抽象信息组成的方案，以突触网络为基础，而是将其视为在感知者和被感知者之间直接的物理交互。
Our society has invented some institutions that powerfully negate our basic need to understand and to develop coherently.
我们的社会发明了一些制度，这些制度有力地否定了我们理解和协调发展的基本需要。
Rather than the digital basis of information theory, this approach is analogic, and functions primarily with wholes, rather than parts that gain their meaning only indirectly. Luca Turin's studies of odors and chemical perception provide a good introduction to this view of the brain. 这种方法不是信息论的数字基础，而是类比方法，主要作用于整体，而不是仅间接获得其意义的部分。 Luca Turin 对气味和化学感知的研究很好地介绍了这种大脑观点。
In the 1940s, Denis Gabor worked out the physical theory of holography, in which 3-dimensional images can be stored in a solid substance, in a non-localized way. Around the same time Karl Lashley was trying to find where “memories are stored” in the brain (the “engram”), by destroying parts of the cortex after the animal had been trained. By the 1950s, he had determined that memories weren’t stored in particular locations, but that the whole cortex of the brain was involved in every memory. Later, Karl Pribram, who worked with Lashley, realized that Gabor’s hologram was at least a good metaphor for the way the brain works, with a particular memory distributed throughout a mass of tissue, rather than being localized in an “engram.” 1940 年代，Denis Gabor 提出了全息的物理理论，其中可以将 3 维图像以非局部化的方式存储在固体物质中。 大约在同一时间，卡尔·拉什利试图通过在动物接受训练后破坏部分皮质来寻找大脑中“记忆存储”的位置（“印迹”）。 到 1950 年代，他已经确定记忆并不是存储在特定位置，而是整个大脑皮层都参与了每一个记忆。 后来，与 Lashley 一起工作的 Karl Pribram 意识到 Gabor 的全息图至少是对大脑工作方式的一个很好的比喻，特定的记忆分布在大量组织中，而不是定位在“印迹”中。
Although Pribram didn’t question the basic doctrine of on-off, digital function of nerve impulses, he proposed that the fields created in complex networks of synapses might be able to store experience in a holographic manner. Recognizing that perception is organized in whole patterns, or Gestalts, he proposed that similar principles might organize behavior—he called these behavioral programs “Images of Achievement.” Unfortunately, even while assembling the ideas of others constructively, he didn’t discard the mechanistic methods and beliefs of Behaviorism. 尽管普里布拉姆没有质疑神经冲动的开关、数字功能的基本原理，但他提出在复杂的突触网络中创建的场可能能够以全息方式存储经验。 认识到感知是以完整的模式或格式塔组织的，他提出类似的原则可能会组织行为——他将这些行为程序称为“成就的图像”。 不幸的是，即使在建设性地整合他人的想法时，他也没有抛弃行为主义的机械方法和信念。
Decades earlier, in the 1930s, P.K. Anokhin had worked out an alternative to the mechanistic theories of behavior based on reflexes, and developed a cybernetic and holistic view of intelligent behavior. The organism’s perception and behavior were described as unified “Functional Systems,” which included metabolic, endocrine, and adaptive-developmental processes, as well as awareness and action. Anokhin called the model of the world, including the organism’s needs and actions, the “Action Acceptor,” which was always being revised according to the success of the action, which validated the organism’s understanding of the situation. Information from proprioceptors as well as external senses was continuously renewing this model of the world. 几十年前，在 1930 年代，P.K. Anokhin 已经找到了一种替代基于反射的行为机械理论的方法，并开发了智能行为的控制论和整体观点。 有机体的感知和行为被描述为统一的“功能系统”，其中包括代谢、内分泌和适应性发育过程，以及意识和行动。 Anokhin 将包括生物体需求和行动在内的世界模型称为“行动接受者”，它总是根据行动的成功进行修正，从而验证了生物体对形势的理解。 来自本体感受器和外部感官的信息不断更新这个世界模型。
Anokhin understood the holistic nature of perception, and, having avoided the atomizing assumptions that broke behavior down into stimuli and reflexes, he also avoided the assumption that nerves conducted only “on-off” information, binomial digital messages, and he described examples in which a single nerve transmitted complex signals. If a single-celled organism can “mentally model,” or imagine, itself in a world, why should we imagine that our nerve cells can’t deal with anything more complex than “on-off” information? Anokhin 了解感知的整体性，并且避免了将行为分解为刺激和反射的原子化假设，他还避免了神经只传导“开关”信息、二项式数字信息的假设，他描述了一些例子 一根神经传递复杂的信号。 如果单细胞生物可以“心理建模”或想象自己在一个世界中，我们为什么要想象我们的神经细胞不能处理比“开关”信息更复杂的事情？
Every cell in the body, except blood cells and cancer cells, contains a “primary cilium,” which has an internal structure similar to the cilia that are used for propulsion, except that it lacks the parts needed for movement. These cilia are the cells’ sense organelles; they have different specializations—they can detect the movement of fluids, pressure, sounds, odors, and light. Every brain cell contains one of these sensory organelles. In the hippocampus, the primary cilia are involved in contextual memory (Rhee, et al., 2016). They also allow cells to align their polarity according to their position in the body. 除了血细胞和癌细胞外，体内的每个细胞都包含一个“初级纤毛”，它的内部结构类似于用于推进的纤毛，只是它缺少运动所需的部分。 这些纤毛是细胞的感觉细胞器； 它们有不同的专长——它们可以检测流体、压力、声音、气味和光的运动。 每个脑细胞都包含这些感觉细胞器之一。 在海马体中，初级纤毛参与上下文记忆（Rhee 等，2016）。 它们还允许细胞根据它们在体内的位置对齐它们的极性。
If the olfactory cell can, as Luca Turin describes, identify the complex vibratory patterns of chemicals, why would other nerves be unable to recognize and transmit the same information to other parts of the brain? In the eyes and auditory nerves, why would the specific qualities sensed by the primary cilia have to be reduced to on-off signals for transmission? If the signals transmitted by nerve axons are complex, then the issue of “distributed” knowledge is explained—each part is aware of its place in a Gestalt, in the Action Acceptor, allowing it to align its functions with the purposeful future-oriented activity of the whole organism. 如 Luca Turin 所描述的，如果嗅觉细胞可以，识别化学物质的复杂振动模式，为什么其他神经无法识别相同的信息并将其传输到大脑的其他部分？ 在眼睛和听觉神经中，为什么初级纤毛感知的特定质量必须减少为开关信号才能传输？ 如果神经轴突传递的信号是复杂的，那么“分布式”知识的问题就得到了解释——每个部分都知道自己在格式塔中的位置，在动作接受器中，使其功能与有目的的面向未来保持一致 整个机体的活动。
In the case of muscle cells, endocrine cells, cytokine producing cells, etc., this alignment is what the Functional Systems consist of. Cell dissolution and cell multiplication, as well as re-differentiation, are elicited by the needs of the functional system. The form, function, and being of the organism are governed by the Functional Systems, in a continuously adapting process. 在肌肉细胞、内分泌细胞、细胞因子产生细胞等的情况下，这种排列是功能系统的组成部分。 细胞溶解和细胞增殖以及再分化是由功能系统的需要引起的。 有机体的形式、功能和存在由功能系统在不断适应的过程中控制。
In the 1950s, when most psychologists believed that only vertebrates were capable of learning, James McConnell demonstrated that flatworms, planaria, could be trained to change their behavior. These worms are able to regenerate a whole body, including the brain, from any part of the organism. McConnell found that worms regenerated from a part, such as the tail, of a trained worm retained the knowledge that had been acquired by that worm. He also found that when trained worms were ground up and fed to untrained worms, those worms learned the behavior more easily. He suggested that RNA molecules synthesized following the worm’s training might be responsible for distributing the learned behavior throughout the whole organism. During the 1960s, several other researchers found that extracts from the brains of other animals, including insects, fish, and rats, could transfer learned behavior to untrained animals. In 2013, experimenters confirmed McConnell’s work, by demonstrating that after being decapitated, the regenerated flatworms retained their training. 在 1950 年代，当大多数心理学家认为只有脊椎动物能够学习时，詹姆斯·麦康奈尔证明了扁虫、涡虫可以通过训练来改变它们的行为。 这些蠕虫能够从生物体的任何部分再生整个身体，包括大脑。 麦康奈尔发现，从受过训练的蠕虫的尾巴等部分再生的蠕虫保留了该蠕虫获得的知识。 他还发现，当受过训练的蠕虫被磨碎并喂给未受过训练的蠕虫时，这些蠕虫更容易学会这种行为。 他认为，蠕虫训练后合成的 RNA 分子可能负责在整个生物体中分布学习行为。 在 1960 年代，其他几位研究人员发现，其他动物（包括昆虫、鱼和老鼠）的大脑提取物可以将习得的行为转移到未经训练的动物身上。 2013 年，实验者证实了麦康奈尔的工作，证明在被斩首后，再生的扁虫保留了他们的训练。
These experiments have made it clear that experience is always modifying our being, and that our continuous processes of adaptation and development can’t be separated from our understanding of the world. 这些实验清楚地表明，经验总是在改变我们的存在，我们不断适应和发展的过程与我们对世界的理解密不可分。
In the process of optimizing our interactions with our environments, we need to continually improve conditions, rather than reducing our needs to match poor environments. The brain is always the organ that maintains the Acceptor of Action and organizes the Functional Systems to guide our development, and with each success the achievement is institutionalized in our metabolism, improving the intensity and range of our understanding, and increasing the power and efficiency of the brain. 在优化我们与环境互动的过程中，我们需要不断改善条件，而不是减少我们的需求来与恶劣环境相匹配。 大脑始终是维持行动接受者和组织功能系统以指导我们发展的器官，每一次成功都会在我们的新陈代谢中制度化，提高我们理解的强度和范围，并提高我们大脑的理解力和效率。
Simply realizing the absolute importance of the environments that we are constantly adapting to can lead to learning how to adapt more appropriately, and how to make our environments more life-supporting.
只需意识到我们不断适应的环境的绝对重要性，就可以学习如何更适当地适应，以及如何使我们的环境更能支持生命。
Biologists have recognized this process in all animals—“cephalization,” the process of development of bigger and better brains operating in more complex and appropriate environments. Improved nutritional and hormonal support can increase the brain’s size, complexity, and learning ability. An enriched environment improves brain function, thickness of the cortex, and longevity, while reducing inflammation and increasing immunity (Carughi, et al., 1989; Laviola, et al., 2004; Arranz, et al., 2010; Jurgens and Johnson, 2012; do Prado, et al., 2016; Pusic, et al., 2016). Impoverished, boring, stressful environments have the opposite effects. 生物学家已经在所有动物中认识到这一过程——“头部集中”，即在更复杂、更合适的环境中运行的更大更好大脑的发育过程。 改善营养和荷尔蒙支持可以增加大脑的大小、复杂性和学习能力。 丰富的环境可改善大脑功能、皮层厚度和寿命，同时减少炎症和增强免疫力（Carughi 等人，1989 年；Laviola 等人，2004 年；Arranz 等人，2010 年；Jurgens 和 Johnson， 2012；do Prado 等人，2016 年；Pusic 等人，2016 年）。 贫穷、无聊、压力大的环境会产生相反的效果。
Our society has invented some institutions that powerfully negate our basic need to understand and to develop coherently. The professionalization of medicine, for example, has contributed to a weakening of the population’s ability to perceive its needs and to imagine appropriate solutions. Authoritarian attitudes throughout the culture create distrust of autonomous understanding and of independent choice of goals. “Science,” especially medical science, has become life’s greatest danger, when its goal has become the empowerment of “artificial intelligence,” centralizing control, institutionalizing the reductionist view of knowledge, and displacing actual intelligence. 我们的社会已经发明了一些制度，它们有力地否定了我们理解和协调发展的基本需求。 例如，医学的专业化削弱了人们感知自身需求和想象适当解决方案的能力。 整个文化中的威权态度造成了对自主理解和独立目标选择的不信任。 “科学”，尤其是医学，已经成为生命最大的危险，当它的目标变成了“人工智能”的赋能，集中控制，将知识的还原论制度化，取代实际的智能。
Simply realizing the absolute importance of the environments that we are constantly adapting to can lead to learning how to adapt more appropriately, and how to make our environments more life-supporting. 只需意识到我们不断适应的环境的绝对重要性，就可以学习如何更适当地适应，以及如何使我们的环境更能支持生命。
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Scientific Reports volume 6, Article number: 34370 (2016). Depletion of primary cilia from mature dentate granule cells impairs hippocampus-dependent contextual memory. Soyoung Rhee, Gregory W. Kirschen, Yan Gu & Shaoyu Ge.
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