血清素是快乐的荷尔蒙？

https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315286065373191

我在这个角落里有太多人说“血清素是快乐的荷尔蒙。这样做可以增加它！” 让我们深入了解 5-羟色胺的历史，看看为什么它远不如您所知道的那么有益 5-羟色胺、SSRI、抑郁症等的真相

6.58 - 2 月 26 日。2021年

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血清素本身直到 1935 年才被正式发现。一位名叫 Vittorio Erspamer 的意大利药理学家和化学家从肠嗜铬细胞中分离出一种单胺化合物，它会导致肠壁收缩 他将这种化合物命名为“肠胺”

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13 年后，克利夫兰诊所的研究人员在血清中发现了一种胺，似乎可以起到血管收缩剂的作用，他们将其命名为“血清素”（血清 + 音调） 1952 年，科学家们终于意识到肠胺和血清素是完全相同的化学物质
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315332638994442|2月26日]]更多的
同年，制药公司将 MAOI（单胺氧化酶抑制剂）引入市场。
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90% 的血清素是在肠道中产生的 基于肠道的肠道神经系统通过脊髓与大脑进行神经元通信，并通过产生某些气体以催化体内反应和级联反应与细菌进行细菌通信 干扰肠道功能是有风险的业务
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血清素放大药物的发展在公共关系领域建立了不可阻挡的势头 他们被政府监管机构视为开脑药物的解毒剂 - 抗血清素药物 - 已经证明它们太笨拙而无法控制
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仅在重磅抗抑郁药百忧解获准在美国上市 10 年后，波士顿环球报报道称，约有 5 万人因服用百忧解药物在大脑中作为选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂 (SSRI) 而自杀)
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315395608055809|2月26日]]更多的
SSRIs 阻止从突触前神经元发出的血清素的重吸收 留下更多的血清素来充斥两个交流神经元之间的空间，也就是“突触间隙” 传播血清素的作用比正常情况下在健康大脑中的作用要大
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德国 FDA，即 BGA，在 1987 年拒绝批准百忧解（就在它在美国获得批准前几年）德国监管机构对人类试验的结果感到不安 以前没有自杀倾向的受试者的自杀率增加了五倍率和尝试
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315429615476738|2月26日]]更多的
用于推销 SSRI 的术语“抗抑郁药”具有高度误导性 这是一个完全用词不当的词，因为当您增加大脑中血清素的循环和活性时，它会产生抑制作用，这解释了引入 SSRI 后自杀率增加的原因
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315444865961984|2月26日]]更多的
那么为什么血清素尽管有有害影响的证据仍然被称为“快乐激素”，为什么医生仍然开出血清素激动剂？让我们把时钟倒转；这个故事还有很多答案隐藏在 LSD 的历史深处
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1943 年 4 月 16 日，瑞士科学家阿尔伯特·霍夫曼 (Albert Hoffman) 正在重新合成他多年前发现的一种兴奋剂化学物质。他在 1938 年从真菌中提取的一种化合物中添加了一个官能团，但暂时放弃了这一发现。
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意外地通过指尖吸收了一些化学物质，阿尔伯特不得不躺下并体验其效果“在梦幻般的状态下，闭上眼睛，我看到了不间断的梦幻般的图片流，非凡的形状和强烈的万花筒般的色彩。”
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大约两个小时后，他的梦幻般的状态消失了。 2007 年被英国《每日电讯报》评为我们这个时代第一大在世天才的霍夫曼发现了 LSD 三天后，他进行了第一次全剂量酸之旅世界即将改变
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1947 年，霍夫曼的雇主山德士实验室在欧洲引入 LSD 作为治疗精神分裂症和酗酒的药物 不久之后，在 1950 年代，事情开始变得奇怪 政府实体对这种药物的效果非常感兴趣
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根据杰拉尔德·福特总统于 1975 年通过洛克菲勒委员会的公开披露——联邦调查中央情报局的非法活动，中央情报局从山德士实验室购买了全球供应的 LSD 并秘密将其引入美国
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中央情报局的重点是精神控制实验 主要目标是找到可用于秘密行动的药物，以清除受试者的思想，以便对其进行重新编程近十年来，中央情报局在未经他们同意的情况下对个人进行了实验
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根据解密的 CIA 文件，该机构于 1962 年放弃了 LSD 实验，因为事实证明它无法实现他们的精神控制目标 不到一年后，山德士实验室的 LSD 专利到期
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此时——奥尔德斯·赫胥黎、艾伦·瓦茨和蒂莫西·利里等作家已经开始公开提倡使用 LSD 和裸盖菇素（两种有效的抗血清素化合物）进行治疗，以扩大个人的心理感知 CIA 计划的确切目的相反
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315567599710214|2月26日]]更多的
在 Leary 和他的研究伙伴 Richard Alpert 于 1963 年因 LSD 和裸盖菇素的实验而被哈佛大学公开解雇后，60 年代美国的反主流文化运动开始升温，在普通人群中广泛使用迷幻药
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315578458755076|2月26日]]更多的
这场运动一直持续到 1968 年——当时联邦政府将拥有 LSD 定为非法，随后在 1971 年被联合国列为附表 1 受控麻醉品，尼克松于 1971 年公开宣布吸毒是“公敌第一”
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315595357544450|2月26日]]更多的
在这段时间里，政府机构对化学诱导的精神控制如此关注，1950 年代和 60 年代也迎来了前两代抗抑郁药物，医生开始广泛开出这些药物，这似乎是偶然的。
{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EvKTSaDWgAQfL4v.jpg}}
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315612118048770|2月26日]]更多的
请记住，LSD 是一种强大的血清素拮抗剂 前两代抗抑郁药并不是唯一在那个时期流行起来的东西 血清素前体补充剂也同样如此：即氨基酸 L-色氨酸、5-HTP 和激素褪黑激素
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315632493973507|2月26日]]更多的
1994 年发现褪黑激素激素作用的麻省理工学院和哈佛博士 Richard Wurtmann 博士警告不要将其用作补充剂“由于已知的健康风险，没有人应该使用褪黑激素作为膳食补充剂”但它继续在柜台销售和数百万人使用
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315645148168193|2月26日]]更多的
血清素的真相与主流科学告诉我们的一切背道而驰 降低血清素水平，同时增加多巴胺和 GABA 的产生，实际上会给你带来你想要的幸福感、清晰感和高能量
{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EvKTVnqXMAUCQt0.jpg}}
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315658871898115|2月26日]]更多的
抗抑郁药物的现代营销在洗脑医学界和替代健康圈方面非常有效（例如，每个人都称其为“快乐激素”，即使它根本不是一种激素）
{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EvKTWQZXIAAGocL.png}}
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315674642538508|2月26日]]更多的
这种信念与事实相去甚远 事实上，大多数证据都表明全人群血清素过量
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315687699390465|2月26日]]更多的
1950 年——加州大学伯克利分校的社会学研究人员出版了一本开创性的书，题为“威权人格”，其中提出了一个基于弗洛伊德发展模型的理论
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315707941113857|2月26日]]更多的
两种性格都有生物学基础 专制性格的特点是避免伤害行为、毫无疑问地服从权威人物、被动攻击和极端服从 所有这些都已被证明与高血清素水平有关
{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EvKTYwDXIAMzIMV.jpg}}
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|的 @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315720372961288|2月26日]]更多的
过多的血清素会导致压力荷尔蒙（如雌激素、皮质醇和催乳素）的产生过多，还会使人体和心灵处于“习得性无助”状态，这一现象已在动物研究中证明会引发令人不安的急性自杀行为
{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EvKTZ5gXAAAEKSJ.jpg}}
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- [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1375249477913751554/EzZwVkdm_bigger.jpg}}]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|达尼ΣL]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|‏ @]]**[[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez|丹尼尔维雷斯]]** [[https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427/https://twitter.com/danielvelez/status/1365315731542454280|2月26日]]更多的
研究表明通过游泳场景习得性无助 非血清素组的动物会游泳几个小时来维持生命但是当血清素组被放置在水迷宫中时——它们很快就会表现出极度压力的迹象，它们实际上让自己淹死
{{https://web.archive.org/web/20210406070427im_/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EvKTaobXYAQll78.jpg}}
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