====== 这是文件 http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling.Revolutionary.Theory.in.Chinese.pdf 的 HTML 版本。Google 在抓取网页时会自动生成文档的 HTML 版本。 提示：要在此页面上快速找到您的搜索字词，请按 Ctrl+F 或者 ⌘-F（Mac），然后使用查找栏搜索。 Page 1 Dear Colleague, Renowned scientist Dr. Ling (native Chinese living in America, E-mail: [email protected]) has written a new book in Chinese (as manuscript now). He sets out his revolutionary ideas of cell physiology. I appeal to you to assist in implementation of this project. This is necessary to find a sponsor or a grant for publication of this book in China. This file includes: (1) Professor Pollack's preface (in Chinese and English) to future Chinese edition of Ling's book. (2) Short reviews on recently published Ling's book (in English) “What Is Life Answered in terms of the properties and activities of microscopic assemblies of molecules, atoms, ions and electrons called nano-protoplasm” with relatively short description of the physical theory of the living cell (download the book: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling-2014-What.is.Life.pdf). (3) “Main principles of Ling's physical theory of the living cell” by Vladimir Matveev. (4) Information in Chinese about Matveev's presentation of Ling's theory in Tianjin University (thanks to Professor Cheng Luo). This presentation can be repeated for every organization in China. (5) Wikipedia's article on Dr. Gilbert Ling's biography and contribution to science: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ling Please share this information on forums like these: http://blog.sciencenet.cn/ or http://www.sciencenet.cn and with all colleagues who can support this project. All the best, Vladimir Matveev The Editor of Russian edition of Ling’s book: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/russianling/russianling.htm
===== Dr. Vladimir Matveev [matveyeev] Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences Lab of Cell Physiology 194064, St.Petersburg Tikhoretsky Ave 4 Russia
===== Native Aggregation in Cell Physiology: http://vladimirmatveev.ru
Some photos and videos with Dr. Gilbert Ling http://www.perceivethinkact.com/blog/philadelphia-june-19th-2014 Additional Ling's e-mail: [email protected] Ling's daughter Eva's e-mail: [email protected] Page 2 Page 3 Preface for the Updated Chinese Translation of Gilbert N. Ling’s Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level Gerald H. Pollack Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 USA ghp@u.washington.edu Translated by Dan Liu
Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, 100101, Beijing, China Tel: 010-64888503 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
===== TO THOSE familiar with modern cell biology but unfamiliar with the work of Gilbert Ling, the message in this book will come as a surprise. Ling’s view of cell biology will appear to have come from another planet. It is entirely different from the textbook view. On the other hand, we have come to know that the view from outer space can reveal insights that are not easily discernible from vantage points on the planet itself. And, that is what is brought by the monumental contribution of Gilbert Ling’s extraordinary and unique insights. 对于熟悉现代细胞生物学但不熟悉凌宁工作的人而言，这本书所要传递的信息将会让读者感到惊讶。 凌宁对细胞生物学的观点似乎来自另一个星球，和教科书中的观点完全不同。另一方面，我们已经认 识到凌宁的“来自外星”学术观点的亮点也不是被“地球上”的主流学术圈容易理解的。这正是凌宁卓 越独到的眼光贡献于学术所带来的光辉之处。 I first met Gilbert Ling at a small meeting in Hungary in the mid 1980s, although I’d known of his alternative views for many years. For me, this meeting was a turning moment. The strength of his evidence, the logic of his arguments, and the sheer sense of resonance created by his paradigm convinced me that he was onto something of fundamental significance. And, others at the meeting shared my views. 我第一次见到凌宁是上世纪 80 年代中期在匈牙利的一个小型会议上，虽然我已经知道他的学术观点 有些许年头了。对于我来说，这次会议是一个转折点。他学术研究范式中证据的力度、论证的逻辑和 纯粹的共鸣是我坚信他接近到了研究问题的基本意义。且其他的与会者也有同感。 New to this field, I not only read his books and papers avidly, but also dispersed them to the best of my students and fellows, who devoured them. Not one of them thought the message was any less than very close to ground truth, and I soon realized that my initial response may have been correct after all. Ling had apparently identified the most foundational features of the living cell, and our laboratory began turning its attention in that di- rection. Although my own book, Cells, Gels and the Engines of Life (Ebner and Sons, 2001) moves in a slightly different direction, it nevertheless builds on the central concepts identified by Gilbert Ling. 初入此学术圈，我不仅如饥似渴的阅读了他的书和论文，而且把这些著作散发给和我一样贪婪阅读的 我最好的学生和同事们。没有一个人不认为他的观点非常接近真理，而且我很快就意识到，我最初的 Page 4 反应毕竟还是正确的。凌宁显然发现了活细胞的最基础特性，我们实验室开始将注意力转向这个研究 方向。虽然我自己的书“细胞、凝胶和生命的引擎（Ebner and Sons，2001）指向了一个稍微不同的方 向，然而它是建立在凌宁的核心理念之上的。 This book is Ling’s attempt to summarize his views for the non-expert. Please don’t expect an easy read. Because the book is built on orthodox physical chemistry, any attempt to circumvent the basics will have resulted in a piece that could easily come across as superficial. This book is anything but superficial. Hence, non-experts will need to spend some time dwelling on the many conceptual gems in this crown of a book. And, the reward will be great because Ling provides a fresh foundation on which to build. 这本书是凌宁针对非专业读者而归纳的学术观点。请不要指望很容易看懂，因为这本书是建立在正统 的物理化学基础之上的，任何企图绕开基础知识将导致肤浅的理解。此书绝不简单肤浅。因此，非专 业读者需要花一些时间来仔细思考这本书的精华之外的概念基石。此书对读者的回馈也是巨大的，因 为凌宁开创了全新的学术基础，并于此之上建立起理论体系。 To me, Ling’s message contains two striking departures from convention. The first is that the cellular machinery considered by cell biologists to lie mainly in the cell membrane actually lies in the cytoplasm. Ling disputes, for example, the existence of cell membrane pumps. One needs to take his arguments seriously because they are based on evidence that has yet to be seriously challenged, though biologists continue to “discover” more and more membrane pumps. The story is fascinating—so much so that more than a few students to whom I’ve shown his arguments have been compelled enough to change their research directions. 我理解凌宁的工作包含两个方面与传统知识截然不同。其一，以前细胞生物学家理解的细胞机器主要 依赖于细胞膜的概念其实主要依赖于细胞质。例如，凌宁怀疑细胞膜泵的存在。人们应该认真考虑他 的论点，因为这是建立在不断被挑战的证据至上的，尽管生物学家们连续不断的发现更多的细胞膜泵。 此故事是引人入胜的—-以至于我将其论点展示给的学生已经越来越多的被影响并改变了他们的研究 方向。 A second departure from convention is long-range water ordering. Ling disputes the widely held view that most cellular water is ordinary bulk water, and argues instead for long-range ordering. If cellular water is ordered, then the milieu inside the cell is qualitatively different from convention, which holds that solutes readily diffuse through the cell. Ordered water excludes solutes, which would evidently have difficulty diffusing through such a milieu. I’m pleased to say that our own experiments have confirmed Ling’s prediction even more powerfully than perhaps even he might expect: next to hydrophilic surfaces, ordering out to even millions of molecular layers can occur in some circumstances. Hence, Ling’s assertion appears to be valid. It fits his construct very well, while modern cell biology has no easy way to deal with this feature, which in itself implies that the text-book view must be fundamentally erroneous. 第二个和传统知识不一样的是远距离水的有序性理论。凌宁挑战了广泛接收的观点，即大部分细胞水 是常规大量水的理论而不是远距离水的有序性。如果细胞水是有序的，定性来说，细胞内环境和目前 认为的溶质自由扩散到细胞的理论不符。有秩序的水排斥溶质，很明显在细胞内环境中不易扩散。我 很高兴说到我们自己的实验也更加有效的、比凌宁预期的证实了他的预测：即靠近亲水表面，排序出 一百万分子层能发生在一些条件下。因此，凌宁观点是被证实的，和他的实验设计很符合，然而现代 细胞生物学没有简单的方法来处理这个特性，自身暗示教科书的观点从基础上就是错误的。 So, please do read this book. It will open your eyes to fresh views of how biology may Page 5 really work. 因此，请认真阅读次数。将会呈现新鲜观点在眼前，生物学是如何工作的。 I cannot close without making reference to the emerging system of doing science. In this system, Gilbert Ling is an anomaly. While modern science has become incremental in nature, Ling fits more naturally with the older system of doing science in which kudos were given to approaches that tackled big questions. Gilbert’s questions are indeed big. If he is right, then the way the cell really operates is grossly out of accord with the way text-books would have it. For many, such an upending of the prevailing view borders on the impossible, for the entire—or almost entire—scientific world has come to a single foundational view, and looks upon those who are audacious enough to challenge that view with considerable skepticism. It has become virtually impossible to challenge a foundational construct without risking one’s career. 我不能就此搁笔而不提及其科学研究体系。凌宁是个不墨守成规的人。虽然当前科学的研究规模不断 增加，凌宁仍然运用“旧系统”来做科研，用于创造出解决大问题的方法。凌宁的科学问题确实很大。 如果他是正确的，那么细胞工作的方式将和教科书里说的很不一样。对许多人来说，这样一个逆潮流 观点接壤在不可能的边缘；对所有人而言，学术界遇见了一个基础性的观点，且鄙视那些勇敢者以持 续的质疑精神足够大胆的挑战官方观点的时代。 In that sense Gilbert Ling is a scientific hero. He has bucked the establishment for more than a half century and has continued, year after year, to strengthen his basic position and to further open up new avenues of exploration. On this point, I believe that the substantially updated content of this volume will be a more eloquent persuader than I, regardless of how many words of praise I can add to this preface. 在这层意义上，凌宁是以为科学英雄。他已经将已有的观点撼动了半个多世纪并持续很多年，从而加 强了他的基础学术理论地位，且进一步开创了新的领域。基于此，我相信其不断更新的学术卷作，于 我所尽力付于此序言的赞美相比，是更有辩证力的说辞。 So, I urge the reader to immerse himself/herself with an open mind. Ling’s book may appear to have been written by a scientist from another planet; but, after all, can one be certain that life on another distant planet might not be more advanced than life on earth. 一次，我敦促读者用开阔的眼光将自己沉浸于次书中。凌的著作似乎是其他星球的人撰写的。然而， 谁能确信其它遥远星球上的生命不比地球上的生命更加高等呢？ Page 6 Preface for the Updated Chinese Translation of Gilbert N. Ling’s Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level Gerald H. Pollack Department of Bioengineering University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 USA ghp@u.washington.edu Translated by Yunbo GUO
===== IHU-LIRYC University of Bordeaux, France Email: [email protected] [email protected]
TO THOSE familiar with modern cell biology but unfamiliar with the work of Gilbert Ling, the message in this book will come as a surprise. Ling’s view of cell biology will appear to have come from another planet. It is entirely different from the textbook view. On the other hand, we have come to know that the view from outer space can reveal in sights that are not easily discernible from vantage points on the planet itself. And, that is what is brought by the monumental contribution of Gilbert Ling’s extraordinary and unique insights. 对那些熟悉现代细胞生物学但不熟悉凌宁工作的人来说，这本书传递的观点会让他们感到惊 讶。凌宁的细胞生物学观点就像是来自另一个星球，与教科书中全然不同。不过我们也知道 ，这种来自外太空的视角反而有助于发现在星球表面难以识别的景象，而这正是凌宁凭他卓 越独特的洞察力在这份里程碑式的工作中呈现的视角。 I first met Gilbert Ling at a small meeting in Hungary in the mid 1980s, although I’d known of his alternative views for many years. For me, this meeting was a turning moment. The strength of his evidence, the logic of his arguments, and the sheer sense of resonance created by his paradigm convinced me that he was onto something of fundamental significance. And, others at the meeting shared my views. 我第一次见到凌宁是上世纪八十年代中期在匈牙利的一个小型会议上，尽管我早在多年前就 对他的另类观点有所耳闻。对我来说，这次会议是一个转折点。他采用证据有力，论证逻辑 严密，其理论框架给人以纯粹的共鸣感，这让我相信他的工作有着根本性的重要意义。其他 与会者也有同感。 New to this field, I not only read his books and papers avidly, but also dispersed them to the best of my students and fellows, who devoured them. Not one of them thought the message was any less than very close to ground truth, and I soon realized that my initial response may have been correct after all. Ling had apparently identified the most foundational features of the living cell, and our laboratory began turning its attention in that direction. Although my own book, Cells, Gels and the Engines of Life (Ebner and Sons, 2001) moves in a slightly different direction, it nevertheless builds on the central concepts identified by Gilbert Ling. Page 7 这对于我是一个崭新的领域。我如饥似渴地阅读他的著作和论文，还将他们分享给我最好的 学生和同事。他们为之沉醉，无不认为他的观点已经非常接近于根本真理。我很快意识到我 的最初反应毕竟还是正确的。凌宁显然已经发现了活细胞最根本的性质，而我自己的实验室 也开始将关注点转向这个方向。尽管我自己的书 《细胞、凝胶和生命引擎》（Ebner and Sons, 2001）指向一个略有不同的方向，但它所基于仍是凌宁所确立的核心观点。 This book is Ling’s attempt to summarize his views for the nonexpert. Please don’t expect an easy read. Because the book is built on orthodox physical chemistry, any attempt to circumvent the basics will have resulted in a piece that could easily come across as superficial. This book is anything but superficial. Hence, non-experts will need to spend some time dwelling on the many conceptual gems in this crown of a book. And, the reward will be great because Ling provides a fresh foundation on which to build. 在这本书中，凌宁针对非专业读者将他的观点进行了总结。请不要指望它轻松易懂。因为这 本书是建立在正统的物理化学基础之上的，试图绕过这些基础将会导致理解的肤浅，而这本 书绝不肤浅。因此，非专业读者需要花些时间对书中的诸多概念加以深思，若说本书像个王 冠，这些概念则是上面的宝石。读者获得的回报将是巨大的，因为凌宁在此提供的是一个崭 新的学术基础。 To me, Ling’s message contains two striking departures from convention. The first is that the cellular machinery considered by cell biologists to lie mainly in the cell membrane actually lies in the cytoplasm. Ling disputes, for example, the existence of cell membrane pumps. One needs to take his arguments seriously because they are based on evidence that has yet to be seriously challenged, though biologists continue to “discover” more and more membrane pumps. The story is fascinating —so much so that more than a few students to whom I’ve shown his arguments have been compelled enough to change their research directions. 在我看来，凌宁的观点有两处对传统的断然背离。其一是认为，细胞生物学家以为位于细胞 膜上的细胞机件其实位于胞质中。比如，凌宁质疑细胞膜泵的存在。读者需要认真对待他的 论证，因为它们所基于的证据仍未受到真正的挑战，尽管生物学家们仍在不断地“发现”越 来越多的膜泵。这件事是引人入胜的，许多听我介绍了凌宁观点的学生为之心悦诚服，甚至 竟因而改变了研究方向。 A second departure from convention is long-range water ordering. Ling disputes the widely held view that most cellular water is ordinary bulk water, and argues instead for long-range ordering. If cellular water is ordered, then the milieu inside the cell is qualitatively different from convention, which holds that solutes readily diffuse through the cell. Ordered water excludes solutes, which would evidently have difficulty diffusing through such a milieu. I’m pleased to say that our own experiments have confirmed Ling’s prediction even more powerfully than perhaps even he might expect: next to hydrophilic surfaces, ordering out to even millions of molecular layers can occur in some circumstances. Hence, Ling’s assertion appears to be valid. It fits his construct very well, while modern cell biology has no easy way to deal with this feature, which in itself implies that the text-book view must be fundamentally erroneous. Page 8 另一处对传统的背离是水的长距有序性理论。广为接受的观点认为，大部分细胞水是普通的 散序水，而凌宁对此不能认同，并提出长距有序性概念。如果细胞水是有序的，那么胞内环 境就在本质上不同于传统上认为的溶质可在其中自由扩散的环境。有序水排斥溶质，那么溶 质显然也就难以在这样一个环境中进行扩散。让我高兴的是，我们自己的实验已经证实了凌 宁的预言，证据甚至可能比他预期的还要有力：在一些条件下，靠近亲水性表面的地方可以 有序地排列出百万层分子层。因此，凌宁的主张看起来是可靠的。实验结果和凌宁的理论架 构符合得很好，而现代细胞分子生物学却难以处理这个特性。这也意味着，教科书里的观点 从基础上就是错误了。 So, please do read this book. It will open your eyes to fresh views of how biology may really work. 所以，请阅读这本书。它将带给你的新观点也许能告诉你生物学是如何真正运作的。 I cannot close without making reference to the emerging system of doing science. In this system, Gilbert Ling is an anomaly. While modern science has become incremental in nature, Ling fits more naturally with the older system of doing science in which kudos were given to approaches that tackled big questions. Gilbert’s questions are indeed big. If he is right, then the way the cell really operates is grossly out of accord with the way text-books would have it. For many, such an upending of the prevailing view borders on the impossible, for the entire—or almost entire— scientific world has come to a single foundational view, and looks upon those who are audacious enough to challenge that view with considerable skepticism. It has become virtually impossible to challenge a foundational construct without risking one’s career. 我不能就此搁笔不提如今新兴的科研系统。在这个系统里，凌宁是个异类。现代科学的发展 实质上已经变成渐进式的，而凌宁更应该属于先前那个科研系统。在那个系统里，荣誉来自 对重大问题的解决。凌宁提出的问题确实重大。如果他是对的，那细胞运作的方式就和教科 书里截然不同。对于很多人来说，主流科学观点受到如此程度的颠覆几乎是不可能的，因为 整个——或者几乎整个——科学世界已经整合出单一的基础观点，那些鲁莽到敢于挑战这个 观点的人自然会受到许多质疑。事实上，挑战一个基础性的建构必然要赌上一个人的职业生 涯。
In that sense Gilbert Ling is a scientific hero. He has bucked the establishment for more than a half century and has continued, year after year, to strengthen his basic position and to further open up new avenues of exploration. On this point, I believe that the substantially updated content of this volume will be a more eloquent persuader than I, regardless of how many words of praise I can add to this preface. 在这个意义上，凌宁是一位科学英雄。他持续冲击这个既有建构已逾半个世纪，如今他还在 继续，年复一年，强化他自己的基本观点，同时开拓更多新的探索路径。正因为此，我相信 无论我在这个前言里再添加多少溢美之辞，都不如这本书大量更新的内容本身更有说服力。 Page 9 So, I urge the reader to immerse himself/herself with an open mind. Ling’s book may appear to have been written by a scientist from another planet; but, after all, can one be certain that life on another distant planet might not be more advanced than life on earth? 因此，我敦请读者秉持一个开放的头脑。凌宁的著作也许看起来就像由其他星球的科学家所 撰写，但毕竟谁又能肯定另一颗遥远星球上的外星生命不如地球生命高级呢？ Page 10 Gilbert Ling. “What Is Life Answered in terms of the properties and activities of microscopic assemblies of molecules, atoms, ions and electrons called nano- protoplasm”. http://www.amazon.com/properties-activities-microscopic-assemblies-nano- protoplasm/dp/061594793X/ref=cm_cr_pr_product_top?ie=UTF8 Reviews on the book: http://www.amazon.com/properties-activities-microscopic-assemblies-nano- protoplasm/product- reviews/061594793X/ref=cm_cr_dp_see_all_summary?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1&sortBy=byRankDescendin g 5Small book with great ideas By Vladimir Matveev on March 27, 2014 Format: Paperback The answers to the question of “what is life” are based on the unified physical theory of the living cell created by Dr. G. Ling half century ago. Archimedes once said: “Give me a fulcrum and I shall move the world.” Dr. Ling has found the fulcrum to move the world of cell physiology. It is adsorption properties of proteins. Indeed, Dr. Ling explained fundamental physical properties of the living cell basing only on protein ability to adsorb water, ions and other solutes by their molecular surface. Ling's theory, as a good physical theory, explains of great number of facts starting from a modest amount of initial principles (similar to how few Newton's laws explain physical world at large from properties of a dirty stone up to the beautiful Universe). Ling's theory contradicts many “truths” that we know from our school time. This book is delicacy for a person who loves exploring the contradictions. If no one contradicted Ptolemy, we still lived in the center of the Universe. Please visit my website for more details on Ling's theory: http://vladimirmatveev.ru/mainprinciples.html 答案的“生命是什么”是基于活细胞的，由G.凌博士创建半个世纪前的统一物理理论的问题。阿基米德曾经说过：“ 给我一个支点，我将撬动整个地球。”凌博士已经找到了支点移动细胞生理学的世界。它是蛋白质的吸附性能。的 确，凌博士解释了活细胞的仅由它们的分子表面吸附的水，离子和其它溶质蛋白质的能力立足基本物理性质。玲 的理论，作为一个良好的物理理论，解释了事实的巨大数量从最初的原则（类似于如何少牛顿定律在从肮脏的石 头到美丽的宇宙特性大解释物理世界）适量的开始。玲的理论很多矛盾的“真理”，我们知道我们学校的时间。这本 书是美味的人谁爱探索的矛盾。如果没有人反驳托勒密，我们仍然生活在宇宙的中心。 Page 11 5Living Matter and Non-Living Matter are Governed by the Same Physicochemical Laws By Ludwig Edelmann on July 7, 2014 What is Life is the title of a famous book of Erwin Schrödinger. In1944 he reasoned that the living cell is in a state of low entropy or in a state of high dynamic order. 70 years later the answer to Schrödinger's conjecture can be found in Ling's book. The suspected order of living matter could be proved by strictly following the guiding rules of the Scientific Method: Phenomena are explained by an assumed model or hypothesis that can explain observations, that can be experimentally tested and either verified or if falsified replaced by a more adequate model. In the middle of the last century a standard model of a living cell - seen as the basic unit of life - survived preceding controversial attempts to understand a puzzling life phenomenon: Cells live in water with low potassium and high sodium and contain high potassium and low sodium. This phenomenon is explained in the standard model of the winning membrane pump theory (MPT) as follows: Living cells are membrane-enclosed sacs of watery solutions comprising ordinary liquid water, fully dissociated ions and proteins. Transport processes mediated by energy consuming membrane pumps explain the puzzling behavior of sodium and potassium. Ling's deviation from the scientific main stream began with the falsification of the pump concept by demonstrating that the cell fails by far to command the energy needed for operating the postulated pump. Consequently new models were mandatory. Model constructing and experimental testing of over half a century saw the birth, the growth and the completion of a self-consistent unified theory of living matter called Association Induction Hypothesis (AIH). Features of living matter were modeled by applying physicochemical laws known to govern the interaction between components of dead matter. Proteins - identified as the principal players of life - are described as electronic machines whose life-specific dynamic structure determines through induction their life-specific association with water dipoles and ions. Verified theories describe the molecular adsorption mechanism responsible for selective ion accumulation in living cells (e.g. potassium), the molecular mechanism for selective partial exclusion of ions and macromolecules (e.g. sodium, calcium, sugars) from cell water dynamically structured in multilayers, and describe how the dynamic structure and function of proteins is regulated by adsorption and desorption of so-called cardinal adsorbents (e.g. ATP). The smallest unit of life is identified as a microscopic assembly of water molecules, protein, and ions in which the described molecular mechanisms are at work. This coherently acting assembly is called Nano-protoplasm. The resting living state is characterized by near total association (high order: low entropy) among all their components, the transient active living state is characterized by reversible liberation of ions and water molecules (less order: high entropy) from the protein. Aggregates of such smallest units of life are the building blocs for all living structures of living organisms including living cytoplasm and membrane systems of living cells. Knowing the features of the smallest unit of life allows explaining life phenomena of the corresponding bigger living structure. Those perceptions provide the basis for understanding life phenomena at another level still higher (subcellular organelle - cell - organ - individual organism) until all life phenomena - even social life of insects or of humans - will be explained. Examples for describing cell physiological phenomena by the theories of molecular mechanisms of the respective units of Nano-protoplasm are documented in the book and in cited references. In particular worth mentioning is the verification of the theory of partial sodium exclusion and its modulation from Nano-protoplasmic water by using a concocted ultra simple model. Successful conclusion: Life and Life Phenomena of the living world can be described and understood by a Physical Theory that is in harmony with the same physical laws that govern the non-living world. People with good educational background as well as students and teachers of life sciences may be amazed about not being informed about Ling's verified physical theory of the living state and its major impact on historical inventions such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The book What is Life Answered with its references is a treasure trove of documents that show how and why falsified hypotheses and theories have been survived and determined the direction of Science. The money searching Science is dependent on the Peer Review System that decides about what is right or wrong in research papers and in research proposals, the scientist is forced to Page 12 publish or perish, and is advised to publish in journals with high impact factor. Papers that falsify established theories are not accepted by prestigious journals, just as papers that prove the predictive value of new hypotheses. The purpose of doing research is in most cases not a true understanding of a certain phenomenon but rather finding confirmation for hypotheses esteemed by peers or proposed by “infallible” Nobel Laureates many years ago. The above-mentioned standard model of the MPT survived so far in all textbooks of life sciences despite the many published experiments that falsify not only the pump concept but also other subsidiary theories of the MPT including the theory of electrical potentials and the theory of osmotic behavior of living cells. 5Truth By Gerard O'Connor “Mr. OC” on June 24, 2014 Format: Paperback Gilbert Ling's work will shed light on why we are failing at treating disease and will change an industry that is currently immune to change, they will have no choice as more scientists study his work. Those who have ignored his work will be bypassed with time, exposed for their confabulation and in many cases fraud. Understanding the Low-entropy rested living state and the stable high-entropy active living states ,the behaviour of water between those states along with cardinal adsorbents will allow us to understand that a correctly functioning cell moves between both states without issue allowing the organism to thrive in its environment . Anything that effects this process will cause many diseased states which explains for me why treatment of disease is currently more about pacifying the organism rather than correcting the cells state and allowing the organism to thrive again. The reason to pacify is because they do not use Ling's work . We should not use the word cell any longer after Ling's work. This book is a great introduction to Gilbert Ling's work ,comprehensible to people who have any level of interest in matters of health. 5Genuine life science exists in this book. By Hirohisa Tamagawa on March 28, 2014 In 1995, there was a historical event in mathematics field. Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem was presented by a mathematician Andrew Wiles. Fermat's Last Theorem is a quite simple mathematical problem. Anybody can understand it. However, it had been an unsolved tough problem for more than 350 years until Wiles presented the proof. “What is life” is probably the most important open question in all the scientific fields and easy to understand. However, to find an answer to “What is life” is extremely difficult. So, answering this simple open question “What is life” is in a sense compared to solving Fermat's Last Theorem. Scientists has tackled the question “What is life” and failed in finding the answer for long years. This question has defied the challenge even by highly honored scientists. After reading Dr. Ling's latest book, WHAT IS LIFE ANSWERED, everyone finds a reason why “What is life” has been such a tough question. According to the book, our knowledge of life science has been built on the wrong foundation. Even worse, we have misdirected ourselves by overlooking or maybe by turning a blind eye to a number of genuine knowledge about life continuously provided by Dr. Ling for Page 13 the last half century. Please take a look at this book, and the readers will know that the answer to the unsolved problem “What is life” is actually within our reach owing to the staggering accomplishments by Dr. Ling. 5An Achievement – A Must Read for Anyone Interested Science By Danny Roddy on December 1, 2014 What is Life Answered is an incredible book by an incredible man. The book very simply highlights the mainstream's unwavering commitment to mechanical reductionist cell physiology, in addition to providing a new model using empiricism. I especially enjoyed the “human” element Dr. Ling invoked in this text, in that, he acknowledges that his revolutionary AI hypothesis will likely not be truly appreciated anytime soon, and gives examples of other brilliant thinkers who the mainstream has denigrated to the detriment of all of humanity. The Living State is of constant of interest to me–even though I do not fully understand it–and the work of Dr. Ling, Albert Szent-Györygi, Ray Peat, Mae-Wan Ho, Gerald Pollack, and others, has helped me construct a coherent view myself in the world around me. I cannot thank Dr. Ling enough for that. 5Scientific proven truth By Wolfgang Zöch on June 1, 2014 It's a revolution in biology knowledge, maybe the barrier inside/outside mitochondria could be better focused on, to scientists and physicians. 4Significant but poorly written By Elliot on June 20, 2014 This booklet covers an important topic: an alternative model of the cell which may replace the prevailing membrane-pump model. Unfortunately, the writing is difficult to follow. It frequently introduces new terms and uses diagrams that are overly symbolic and insufficiently labelled. Thus, while I appreciate the content presented, I do not appreciate its presentation. Page 14 Main principles of Ling’s physical theory of the living cell Vladimir V. Matveev Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave 4, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]; personal web site: http://vladimirmatveev.ru Purpose of the theory The purpose of the theory is to establish the physical nature of the living state. The theory explains the physical mechanisms underlying the key phenomenon of life – the distribution of substances between the cell and its environment and among cell compartments. All other mechanisms important for cell physiology and cell biology depend crucially on our understanding of this phenomenon. Physical mechanisms that the theory uses The basic physical mechanism is controlled selective adsorption of substances by cell proteins. If some substance accumulates in the cell to a level higher than in the surrounding medium, it means that it is adsorbed by cellular structures. Cell selective permeability, osmotic stability, electrical potentials and active transport are the result of selective adsorption of water and physiologically important cations by cellular proteins. ATP is the main regulator of adsorption through the inductive effect. The theory uses basic physical principles that make it a versatile tool to describe any mechanisms of the functioning of the living cell and its pathology. The long range, dynamic structuring of water molecules is due to what Debye called 'orientation polarization'. The basic physical mechanism includes not just adsorption, which is one form of association, but also electrical polarization, or induction. Two-state model of cell function According to the theory, the functioning of the cell is considered as a reversible transition between two states, the resting state and the state of activity. The resting state is a stable state with a favorable negative free energy. Constant influx of energy and matter is not necessary to maintain this state. The action of an external stimulus or internal signal is to destabilize the resting state and the cell becomes active. The energy is released and is used to perform biological functions. Metabolic processes start in the activated cell, new ATP molecules are synthesized and the cell re-enters the resting state. A cell in the resting state has a favorable negative free energy owing to the adsorption energy of ATP bound by proteins. Activation of the cell starts with the splitting of ATP. The two-state model can be applied to every structure in the cell down to single protein molecules. Which proteins determine the sorption properties of the cell? In the resting state, fully extended proteins adsorb the key components (in the physical sense) of the cell: ATP, water and potassium ions. According to the contemporary literature, 30-40% of all cell proteins are natively unfolded proteins. Perhaps these proteins (or some of them) belong to the set of fully unfolded proteins considered by Ling's theory. Physical nature of selective adsorption The following functional groups of proteins have key significance for the theory: the NH- and CO-groups of peptide bonds, and the carboxyl groups of dicarboxylic amino acid residues. The selectivities of peptide groups differ between the two states in respect of: (1) affinity for water molecules, and (2) affinity for the same groups in other peptide bonds in the protein. The selectivity of the carboxylic groups differs in respect of (1) affinity for potassium ions, and (2) affinity for sodium ions or for fixed cationic groups of the protein. The first state of the Page 15 groups is inherent in the resting state of the cell (or its parts). The second state indicates the active state of the protein. The affinity depends on electron density in the considered functional groups. Low density is characteristic of the resting state, high density of the activated state. The main regulator of the electron density is ATP, which has electron acceptor properties (Ca2+, signal factors, hormones, and chemical modifications of proteins may also assist). In the resting state, ATP is bound by protein and it displaces the electron density in the protein molecule to a site where it is adsorbed. When ATP is split, the electron density in the functional groups increases and their affinity becomes that of the second state. Adsorption of water The polypeptide backbone of any completely unfolded protein exhibits a geometrically regular order of positive (NH) and negative (CO) charges of the dipoles (similar to a one-dimensional crystal grid). This geometry is complementary to a space between the water molecules surrounding the completely unfolded protein. The complementarity creates conditions for multilayer adsorption of water on the protein surface. As a result, much of the cellular water (the most massive component of the cell, about 44 moles/l) is transformed into an dynamically ordered structure (the entropy of the system is decreased). Because of its interaction with the backbone dipoles, the dipole moment of the adsorbed water is greater than that of free water. Water molecules with larger dipole moments form stronger dipole-dipole interactions (hydrogen bonds are not the only way in which water dipoles interact, but they are the major contributors; if you consider all forces involved in the interaction, it is better to talk about strengthening of the dipole-dipole interactions in general). It is more difficult for molecules of a solute to break the stronger interaction between molecules of adsorbed water, so this water is a poor solvent compared to bulk water. Therefore, solutes are displaced from the volume of adsorbed water into the bulk water space. Strongly adsorbed water is a barrier to diffusion of large solutes and solutes with incompatible surface structures. The water on the cell surface (rather than lipids) explains the property of cell selective permeability. When you activate a resting cell or some its structure, water is desorbed from the unfolded proteins and the path for diffusion becomes open. The selectivity of each functional group of the polypeptide backbone changes from water to the other functional group of the backbone, and secondary structures of the protein appear (alpha-helix, for example). Adsorption of potassium ions Potassium ions accumulate in the resting cell by selective adsorption by the carboxyl groups of dicarboxylic amino acid residues. When the cell is activated, the carboxyl groups lose their affinity for potassium ions and acquire greater selectivity for sodium ions or to fixed cations of the protein. Potassium ions adsorbed by proteins in the microscopically thin surface layer of a cell produce a resting electrical potential. When the water in the surface layer is desorbed, the water barrier collapses and external sodium ions enter the cell generating a sodium diffusion potential. Sodium ions penetrate into the cell surface and displace potassium ions from the adsorption sites. Potassium ions become free, forming a flow into the environment and generating potassium diffusion potential. These two diffusion potentials shape an action potential. Structural unit of protoplasm Protein molecules with bound ATP, water and potassium ions constitute a minimal structure that preserves the basic physical properties of the whole living cell. The vital activity of the cell is reduced to transitions (not a steady-state regime) between the two states: protein(ATP)m(H2O)n(K+)q ←→ protein + mADP + mPi +nH2O + qK+ The key consequences of the theory The resting potential is the result of the selective adsorption of potassium ions by proteins in the microscopically thin surface layer of the cell. Page 16 The action potential is a result of desorption of water from the microscopically thin cell surface protein layer and the appearance of (1) a diffusion electrical potential of sodium ions (influx), and then (2) potassium ions (efflux). The cell is osmotically stable, in equilibrium with an isotonic solution, owing to the bound state of water (not because intracellular ions are free). In the resting state intracellular potassium ions (the most massive ions) are not free. The significance of Ling’s theory for cell biology Ling's theory is a revolutionary approach to solving the fundamental problems of cell physiology and biology. It affords us a fresh look at old and modern problems of biology. It is a new methodology of analysis of normal physiological processes and cellular pathology. The distribution of Ling's theory through the scientific community will give scientists an alternative view of the physical mechanisms that are of principal importance for cell physiology, biology and medicine. See Ling's papers to follow the development of the theory and its comparison with current views Books Ling, G.N. A Physical Theory of the Living State: the Association-Induction Hypothesis. Blaisdell: Waltham, Massachusetts, 1962. Download web link: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling-1962- A.physical.theory.of.the.living.state.djvu Ling, G.N. In Search of the Physical Basis of Life. Plenum Press: New York, 1984. Download web link: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling-1984-In.Search.of.the.Physical.Basis.of.Life.djvu Ling GN: A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell. Krieger Publ Co: Malabar FL: 1992. Download web link: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling-1992-A.Revolution.in.the.Physiology.of.the.Living.Cell.djvu Ling, G.N. Life at the Cell and Below-Cell Level. The Hidden History of a Fundamental Revolution in Biology. Pacific Press: New York, 2001. Download web link: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling-2001- Life.at.the.Cell.Level.djvu Ling G.N. Physical Theory of the Living Cell. Unnoticed Revolution. Publishing House “Nauka”: St.Petersburg, Russia, 2008. (Russian Edition). Selected articles Ling, G. N. Oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial physiology: a critical review of chemiosmotic theory, and reinterpretation by the association-induction hypothesis. Physiol. Chem. Phys., 1981, 13, 29-96. Download web link: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling-1981- Oxidative.phosphorylation.and.mitochondrial.physiology.djvu Ling, G. N. History of the membrane (pump) theory of the living cell from Its beginning in mid-19th century to Its disproof 45 years ago — though still taught worldwide today as established truth. Physiol. Chem. Med. Med. NMR, 2007, 39, 1-67. Download web link: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling-2007- History.of.the.Membrane.(Pump).Theory.pdf Page 17 Ling, G. N. Nano-protoplasm: the ultimate unit of life. Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR, 2007, 39, 111-234. Download web link: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling-2007-Nano-protoplasm.pdf Ling, G. N. A Historically significant study that at once disproves the membrane (pump) theory and confirms that nano-protoplasm is the ultimate physical basis of life — yet so simple and low-cost that it could easily be repeated in many high school biology classrooms worldwide. Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR, 2008, 40, 89- 113. Download web link: http://www.bioparadigma.spb.ru/files/Ling-2008-A.Historically.Significant.Study.pdf Ling's papers in the journal Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR Ling's personal web site Acknowledgments. I thank Gilbert Ling and Paul Agutter for valuable comments on the manuscript. May 17, 2012 St.Petersburg, Russia Page 18 28.03.2015 [ 俄罗斯科学院细胞学研究所博士来我校进行学术交流]天津科技大学新闻网 http://news.tust.edu.cn/xygj/41278.htm 1/1 9月29日下午，应食品工程与生物技术学院罗成教授邀请，俄罗斯科学院细胞学研究所 (圣∙彼得堡)弗拉基米尔∙曼特维夫博士来我校与食品学院营养与免疫学实验室进行学术交 流。 弗拉基米尔∙曼特维夫博士于1982年获得圣彼得堡大学人与动物生理学博士，是俄罗斯 科学院细胞学研究所的一位资深科学家。他本人热衷于吉尔伯特∙凌宁教授的理论，此行也 是与食品学院营养与免疫学实验室师生交流凌宁教授的“活细胞的物理学理论基础”。交 流中，弗拉基米尔∙曼特维夫博士尽可能地运用简明的语言解释了凌宁教授的理论，即传统 理论认为细胞膜依靠其表面的载体蛋白和通道蛋白完成溶质的跨膜运输，而曼特维夫博士 用实验模型和实验数据指出，溶质的跨膜运动实际是由蛋白质表面的吸附水所溶解和携带 完成的。 同学们对这一具有挑战性的理论产生了浓厚的兴趣，并积极地与曼特维夫博士进行探 讨和互动。通过这次交流学习同学们纷纷表示不仅获得了新的知识，更为今后的学习及科 研工作开拓了新的思路。 您的位置： 首页» 学院广角 »正文 俄罗斯科学院细胞学研究所博士来我校进行学术交流 日期：2013-10-09 | 来源 ：食品工程与生物技术学院 | 作者：凌霄 李永祥 陈玥舟 | 阅读次数： 372 精彩栏目 首页 | 科大主页 | 常春藤 | 薪火网 | 食文化 | 学工 | 团委 | 研工 | 教务 | 图书 | 微博 | 微信 学校主页 新闻首页 科大新闻 部门动态 学院广角 图片新闻 媒体科大 视频新闻 科大人物 科大故事 尚德评论 科大之声 科大简介 | 微信关注 | 微博关注 | 对话官微 | 联系我们 | 校徽校歌 | 校区地图 | 微信联盟 | 科大展览 天津科技大学新闻网由党委宣传部主办 津教备0011号 津ICP备11001142号 Copyright 2013 All Rights Reserved 天津科技大学党委宣传部 版权所有 Email：[email protected] http://news.tust.edu.cn/xygj/41278.htm Page 19 20.04.2015 Gilbert Ling Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ling 1/9 Gilbert Ning Ling In 2001 Born December 26, 1919 Nanking, China Residence USA Citizenship USA Nationality American Fields Cell biology Cell physiology Molecular biology Cell membrane Institutions National Central University University of Chicago Johns Hopkins University University of Illinois Pennsylvania Hospital Fonar Corp. Basic Research Dept Alma mater National Central University (B.S.) University of Chicago (Ph.D.) Thesis The effects of metabolism, temperature and other factors on the membrane potential of single frog muscle fibers (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1458704/) (1948) Known for Boxer indemnity Scholarship Recipient CoDeveloper of the GerardGrahamLing microelectrode Creator of the Association Induction Hypothesis (AIH) Creator of the Polarizedoriented multilayer theory Gilbert Ling From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gilbert N. Ling (b. Dec 26 1919,[1] Nanking, China; US citizen) is a cell physiologist, biochemist and scientific investigator. In 1944 Ling won the biology slot of the sixth Boxer Indemnity Scholarship, a nationwide competitive examination that allowed Chinese science and engineering students full scholarship to study in a United States university. In 1947 he codeveloped the GerardGrahamLing microelectrode, a device that allows scientists to more accurately measure the electrical potentials of living cells. In 1962[2] he introduced the Association Induction Hypothesis (AIH), a unifying, general theory of the living cell, an alternative and controversial hypothesis[3][4][5] to the membrane and membrane pump theories and three years later added the polarized oriented multilayer theory of cell water which contributed to the development of MRI Cancer Imaging. Ling, during 50 years of research from 1946, has carried out numerous scientific experiments that attempt to disprove[6] [7][8] the view of the cell as a membrane containing a number of pumps such as the sodium potassium pump and Page 20 20.04.2015 Gilbert Ling Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ling 2/9 Influences Laotze Confucius Socrates Alhazen Alexander Von Humboldt Louis Pasteur Hermann Von Helmholtz Sir William Bayliss Influenced Gerald Pollack, Mae Wan Ho, Ray Peat, Raymond Damadian Spouse Shirley Wang Ling (m. 1951–2011)(deceased) Children Tim Ling (deceased), Dr. Mark Ling, Eva Monahan Website www.gilbertling.org (http://www.gilbertling.org) the calcium pump and channels that engage in active transport. Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Academic career 3 GerardGraham Ling microelectrode 4 Association induction hypothesis 5 Polarizedoriented multilayer theory 6 See also 7 References 8 Publications 9 External links Early life and education Ling was born December 26, 1919, in Nanking, China. He grew up in Beijing and entered the National Central University in Chungking as a student of animal husbandry. After two years, he transferred to the biology department and received a Biology B.Sc. degree, minoring in physics and chemistry in 1943.[9] In 1944, having done graduate work in Biochemistry at the Tsing Hua University in Kunming, Ling won the sixth Boxer Indemnity Scholarship. In early 1946 he began his graduate study in the Department of Physiology at the University of Chicago under Professor Ralph W. Gerard. In 1948 he completed his Ph.D on the effects of metabolism, temperature and other factors on the membrane potential of single frog muscle fibers which was published in Dec 1949 in a series of 4 papers in the Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, Volume 34, Issue 3.[10][11][12][13] He spent two more years under Prof. Gerard as a Seymour Coman Postdoctoral Fellow. Academic career In 1944, Ling won the only Biology slot of the sixth nationwide Boxer Indemnity Fellowship, to study physiology in the United States, which he took up in January 1946.[14] From 19501953 Ling worked as an Instructor at the Medical School of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. His research and experiments led him to the conclusion that the mainstream membrane pump theory of the living cell was not correct. This early embryonic version of the Association induction hypothesis was called Ling's Fixed Charge Hypothesis (LFCH). Page 21 20.04.2015 Gilbert Ling Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ling 3/9 Ling in 1962 after publication of his first book From 19531957 he continued fulltime research at the Neuropsychiatric institute at the University of Illinois Medical School in Chicago. Beginning as an Assistant Professor, he was promoted two years later to (tenured) Associate Professorship. In 1957, he accepted the position of Senior Research Scientist at the Basic Research Department of the newly founded Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute. In 1962 his first book entitled “A Physical Theory of the Living State: the AssociationInduction Hypothesis.”[2] was published. At this time Ling become director of a research laboratory at the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia and carried on research for the next 27 years with help from research assistants, graduate students and postdoctoral students — from the US and abroad. In 1984, Ling published his second book, “In Search of the Physical Basis of Life.”,[15] summarizing rapidly gathering new knowledge from his laboratory and other investigators. In October 1988, Ling's laboratory shut down due to his inability to obtain research funds from National Institutes of Health and other funding agencies. Fortunately Ling's associate Dr. Raymond Damadian, a key figure in the MRI story and President of the MRI manufacturing company called Fonar Corporation in Melville, New York offered to support him and two of his staff: Margaret Ochsenfeld and Dr. Zhendong Chen. From 1982 to 1985 he was a coEditorinchief of the Physiological Chemistry & Physics and Medical NMR journal (http://www.physiologicalchemistryandphysics.com) and since 1986, has been its sole Editorin Chief.[16] In 1992 Ling published his third book, “A Revolution in the Physiology of the Living Cell.”[17] In 2001 his fourth book “Life at the Cell and BelowCell Level” [9] was published and has been translated to Russian and Chinese. In the summer of 2011 his wife of 60 years, Shirley Wang Ling passed away from incurable pancreatic cancer.[18] In 2014 at the age of 94 he published his fifth book, a reply to Erwin Schrödinger's 1944 book What is Life? called What is Life Answered[18] He has published over 200 scientific papers[19] in prestigious journals, although much of his later work has been largely ignored by the scientific community. GerardGrahamLing microelectrode Also known as the LingGerard microelectrode and after the 1940s further developed into the glass capillary microelectrode has played a vital role in modern neurophysiology and medicine John Eccles applied the microelectrode to studies of activity of individual units within the spinal cord and brain and Andrew Huxley used it in muscle cells. In 1963, Hodgkin with Huxley, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on the basis of nerve “action potentials,” the electrical impulses which enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system. Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with John Page 22 20.04.2015 Gilbert Ling Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Ling 4/9 Eccles, who was cited for his research on synapses.[20] Worldwide use of this new microelectrode spread rapidly after this[21] and has subsequently proven to be one of the most important devices applied to the study of cellular physiology.[22][23] The microelectrode in use today is essentially the same as this, except that it usually contains a concentrated salt solution, and is commonly referred to as the glass capillary.[24] In 1950 Gerard was nominated for the Nobel Prize for helping to develop the microelectrode as used in Electrophysiology. Association induction hypothesis An alternative and controversial hypothesis[4] to the membrane and membrane pump theories, the Association Induction Hypothesis[25] is a claim related to the properties and activities of microscopic assemblies of molecules, atoms, ions and electrons of the smallest unit of life called nanoprotoplasm.[26] Ling authored texts describing his hypothesis in 1962[2] and 1984;[15] he has selfpublished additional books more recently.[9][18] Polarizedoriented multilayer theory In 1965, Ling added his PolarizedOriented Multilayer (PM or POM) theory[27] of cell water to the Association Induction Hypothesis. The theory argues that cell water is polarized and oriented and thus dynamically structured. In 1969 Professor Raymond Damadian aware of Ling's structured water theory conceived the idea of nonenvasively detecting cancers using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) body scanning and with Freeman Cope on Sept 6 made the first NMR scan of biological potassium.[28] More recent studies by Gerald Pollack (2001, 2013)[29][30][31] and MaeWan Ho(2008,2012)[32][33] have confirmed the structured nature of cell water and some scientists such as Vladimir Matveev (2012) continue to explore the ideas that Ling introduced in the 1960s.[34][35][36] See also Membrane Potential Sodium Potassium Pump Wikipedia Cell biology Cell physiology Molecular biology Cell membrane History of the cell membrane theory References